(Front Cover) BULLETIN OF THE FIRST DISTRICT NORMAL SCHOOL KIRKSVILLE, MISSOURI Volume XVII Number 3 MARCH, 1917 Publisht Monthly History and Government Series No. 8. A Study in Social Administration By students in the Department of Political and Social Science in the Fall and Winter terms of 1916-17 under the direction of Felix Rothschild, Professor of Sociology Enterd as second class mail matter April 29, 1915, at the post office at Kirksville, Missouri, under the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912. (Page 2) INTRODUCTION The course in Sociology deals with human association, its origin, development, forms, and function. The elementary student of society should begin with a well-selected library to study the facts and theories of the world of men and women in their social relations. He should be taught to distinguish between the facts of society and the theories about society and to make the proper application of these facts and theories wherever it is possible. The broad field of social phenomena furnishes the student of sociology a laboratory for first hand investigation into the many varied problems of association. Thus social surveys in addition to vitalizing the study of sociology, furnish the student with exact knowledge of existing conditions whereby the social life may possibly be improved. It was with this combined purpose in view that the class in sociology, after studying the facts, theories, and published investigations appertaining to the problem of poverty, was directed to make a study of some concrete problems in Kirksville. For form of Questionnaire used in collecting data see page 15. F. R. (Page 3) A STUDY IN SOCIAL ADMINISTRATION One of the ideals of the Normal School at Kirksville is that of service to the community. This spirit has found expression in a variety of ways in extension courses, in lecture service, and in the lending of slides, books and equipment for school and neighborhood enterprises. One of the most recent ventures has been more directly in the line of social service. On the Thanksgiving Days of 1915 and 1916, the school gave dinners and some hours of wholesome entertainment to those children of the community who otherwise would have had no reason to take note of the holiday. Early in the fall of 1916 some thoughtful people reached the conclusion that the dinner affair could well be made the germ of a more far-reaching project which might eventuate in permanent social benefit to the community of Kirksville. Accordingly the following plan was devised: the class in Sociology, under Mr. Felix Rothschild of the Department of Political and Social Science, was to make a searching investigation into the poverty conditions of the town, using the dinner tickets as an entering wedge; this investigation was to be reported with such recommendations as seemd wise and feasible under local conditions. It was believed that as a class exercise the problem would be of unusual value, aside from the possible significance of the social phase. In outline, the method of procedure was as follows: a committee from the class drew up a questionnaire to guide the investigation; lists of names were collected from charity organizations, churches and schools; these names were divided among the members of the class, who visited and carefully questiond each family, making a permanent filing record of the case; the class then workt in groups to organize the information gatherd by the investigators; the reports made by these groups were in turn workt over by a committee of the whole under the immediate supervision of Mr. Rothschild, and the final report made as it appears below. This report considers: first, the status of poverty as reveald by observation and questioning; second, the causes of these existing conditions as nearly as can be determined by a comparativ study of the situation; third, the scope and the character of the service renderd by the existing remedial and preventiv agencies; and last, the presentation of the conclusions arrived at by scientific analysis, together with recommendations submitted for the consideration of the public. I. The Status of Poverty In reporting upon the conditions observd, the committee took into consideration the size of the family; the matter of housing conditions; the question of general social conditions such as education, religion, amusement, family stability, economic conditions, and the matter of health. The statistics are based upon thirty-five families, including 220 persons. The average size of the family was found to be 6.2; the average number of children was 4.4, the total number of children being 142. The size of the family was somewhat smaller than might have been expected under the circumstances, and is in 3 (Page 4) fact not far from the sociological ideal, indicating that in this community an abnormal birthrate is not an important factor in poverty. Such a conclusion, however, is modified by the fact that in the cases of the old parents some of the children are not now at home; and that in the cases of the young parents the size of the family is not yet static. In regard to the direct environment of the families investigated, no question of congestion arose, since the community is semi-rural; nor were the poor districts in any way segregated, but rather were to be found scatterd in every direction, principally in the outskirts of town. Neglect and carelessness were evident in most of the yards, but in a few cases small garden patches were discernible. Sociologists have estimated that a house of four rooms is necessary to maintain standards of decency and health for a family of six. The houses investigated averaged only 2.8 rooms of moderate dimensions. They were weather-beaten and dilapidated for the most part, but in only a few cases absolutely open to the weather. In fact most of the houses were sufficiently tight to render the air close and disagreeable. One of the buildings was a little one-room structure of sheet-iron erected by the occupant in the shelter of a hill near the coal-mines. The owner lowed he could keep as warm here as anybody. Another little house made of wood was erected on stilts on a low piece of ground. The visitor to this home was greeted by the rattle of a chain and the yapping of a cadaverous dog anchord to one of the stilts. In spite of the lack of congestion in the situation of the houses the sanitary conditions in regard to the keeping of the house and the disposal of waste and sewage, in 71% of the cases was very bad indeed. In many houses the soild beds were unmade, the floors and walls unclean, with dirty clothing and dirty dishes much in evidence. In 21% of the cases the rooms were moderately clean and healthful. Frequently there were attempts at some sort of decoration, usually bright lithographs or family portraits. Of the social conditions, the problem of education was one of the most interesting. In the cases of the parents it was found that 20% were absolutely illiterate; 43% had not gone to school above the fourth grade; 32% had had the equivalent of an education between the fourth and eighth grades, and but 5% had had any schooling above the eighth grade. Apparently a majority of these persons had attended country schools. This fact raises the consideration of the drift of country people toward the city, regardless of economic qualification for town life. The results obtaind in considering the educational status of the children were among the most illuminating of the report. Of 106 children of school age, but 61 were in attendance at school, this being but 58% as against 42% non-attending. Of the 45 children not in school, only two were employd in remunerativ work. Only three were held by home duties. One of the latter cases is that of a motherless girl of fourteen who is held at home by the care of a younger child, a recent sufferer from infantil paralysis. The girl is eager to go to school, and thru the efforts of an earnest teacher and the cooperation of some women s clubs, it seems probable that neighbors may be 4 (Page 5) nduced to care for the baby during the day, thus enabling the sister to enter school. It is interesting to observ that among the well-to-do only one woman was found who felt able and willing to take this little waif into her home for a few days of the week. Of the remaining children of the very large number out of school, probably the alleys and by-streets could tell the most tales. The problem of holding these children in the school is indeed serious. Of the children attending school, 67.2% were irregular in attendance; upon compiling an entirely different set of reports, it was discoverd that precisely 67.2% of the children in attendance from the group investigated did not show interest in the work of the school. The coincidence is not surprising, but it is significant. Reports in regard to the improvement of these pupils under consideration showed that 70.7% did not show improvement in the quality of the work done; the remaining percentage showd normal improvement. Of the whole number 50% were found to be retarded, the larger number of those showing retardation being boys. The average retardation was above two years. The facts just recited show clearly that the needs of this particular type of child are not being met by the ordinary school program. The causes given by the teachers for the above described conditions were stated in a general way and not tabulated. They included lack of clothing, sickness, work either of the child or the mother, whose absence required a child at home as nurse , indifference of parents in enforcing attendance, poor environment, and malnutrition. The problem reveald in this part of the investigation calls for serious consideration in view of the fact that another generation of dependents is in the making. Social salvation lies along the road of education evolution, not revolution. The returns in relation to the religious situation were likewise rather stimulating. Of the parents it was found that about 40% had at some time held some church affiliation. In some cases there was a rather superstitious attitude. An interesting example that is at once pathetic and ridiculous is that of an old woman who had sufferd considerably from illness and was partially demented, who maintaind that by repetition of certain Bible verses she could ward off attacks of her malady. She contended that she had thoroly proved the efficacy of these verses. It was found that 31% of the families were influenced to some extent by Sunday School. A number of people spoke of their desire to go to Sunday School desires which were frustrated by various causes, such as lack of clothing, home duties, and so on. Of course, such statements may be discounted somewhat; nevertheless, the fact remains that some sort of religious service particularly that of the Salvation Army is regarded in the light of a social diversion. There was evident feeling that attendance at the representativ town churches was not to be seriously considerd. Whether this is justifiable is not certain; but in any case, the exprest wish for outlying Sunday Schools is a plea not to be past over lightly by the church that desires to render its quota of service in moral education. The testimony in regard to amusements was of course quite evasiv. A series of observations, however, indicates the fact that the motion picture shows and cheap theaters are patronized to a rather startling extent by the 5 (Page 6) poverty-stricken; their patronage of the motion-picture entertainments is especially observable in the summer months when less immediate economic stress is felt. In fact, there is no other amusement provided in the town which is adapted to the poor, and one cannot marvel that the human need of diversion, doubly imperativ under conditions of poverty, finds an outlet in this way. It is true that the children in school have the advantage of the playground during part of the year. The fact, however, that such activity is limited both in the matter of time and in the number that it reaches, can not be overlookt. Investigation in regard to the stability of family life reveald the fact that separation between husband and wife, amount to 17% of the cases investigated. One of these cases was that of a husband who had been deserted by two wives that is to say, the woman whom he married after divorce from the first wife, likewise left him. He was one of the very small number who had some education above the eighth grade, and yet seemingly was unable to make a living. The remaining five cases were those of wives deserted by husbands, leaving families ranging from four to seven small children. In three cases outside aid had been receivd, in two none. In one case the mother had been sick. The figures gatherd relative to health conditions showd that less than one quarter of the families or more precisely 22.9% reported normal health. In general, then, 77% of the families sufferd from ill health of some sort; in some cases this was merely a matter of depleted condition not definitly reported as sickness; in others, there had been serious and protracted sickness. In most cases the sickness was among the children and mothers, there being only five cases, or 14%, in which the sickness directly affected the breadwinner. Those families reporting recent sickness represented 45.7% of the total, while those reporting present sickness represented 22.7%. In one case, the mother is gradually losing her sight, and the little family is indeed in a pitiful condition. A group of Camp Fire girls has undertaken to help this family. In another case the mother of a large family, the youngest of whom is a baby, has laid down the heavy burden of life, and the responsibility of the family now falls upon the shoulders of a girl of high school age. The families reporting disability from accident represent 11.4% of the total number, while those suffering from some form of mental disability on the part of some one member of the family represent 8.5%. That there is a relation between ill health and the housing and food conditions is undouted; it would seem equally Unquestionable that a rural community should be able to reduce this rate by some sanitary measures. The bearing that heredity may have upon health conditions is rather difficult to determin, since biological data are difficult to secure. It was learnd that among the causes of death of forty-two grandparents, three diseases prevaild -- dropsy, cancer, and tuberculosis. Cancer was given as cause of 14% of the deaths considerd; tuberculosis, of 19%. The last point upon which the committee collected data was the economic condition at once one of the most important and one of the most 6 (Page 7) difficult to estimate with accuracy. The evasivness of the subjects of the investigation, the irregularity of employment, the lack of any systematic expense account were all factors that contributed to difficulty of exact compilation. Two phases of the economic problem were considerd: first, that of income and expense; second, that of employment. In studying the former, a rough estimate was made placing the income at about $10 for a week. Comparison with figures gatherd in a similar investigation in Massachusetts indicates that this wage is the average wage for over one-fourth of the workmen of that state. This means that the annual income is less than $520 for the family averaging six in number. In the investigation made in Kirksville, the indication was that the weekly expense was only slightly above the income. The estimated total expenditure of something like $530 for the year is much below the figures given as a possible expense of living by Scott Nearing for villages in the anthracite regions of Massachusetts. According to his estimate, food alone costs $408, rent $80, clothing $110, other items $120, making a total of $718. The much lower expenditure in Kirksville is no dout due to two causes: first, the families of this group in the main are not self-supporting, their income being supplemented by charitable aid; second, this is an agricultural section, and the living may be slightly supplemented in this way by home gardens. As to the actual expenditure, it was difficult to get very definit information. The rent for a family averaged about $1.06 per week, or $4.25 per month; fuel and clothing could not be estimated, partly because some of the fuel is often pickt up or donated, and clothing is largely donated; the indications were that the average family spends from $4 to $5 per week for groceries, a sum amounting to less than 71 cents per day for six people, or less than 12 cents to the person. Domestic science experts have estimated that to maintain a man in health and efficient physical condition, at present prices, (December, 1916) the food will cost from 30 to 38 cents per day. It is true that a considerable quantity of food is donated; nevertheless, one cannot but be struck by the discrepancy between the estimate and the reality. The mind involuntarily reverts to the health figures in this connection, and recalls that the problem is not for today but for the coming generation. The school problem likewise arises in this connection; underfed children cannot be alert at school tasks; neither can they make efficient workers as adults. In the matter of employment, the investigation showd that in 14% of the cases the mother alone was the breadwinner. This coincides with the percentage of desertion previously given. In general, it is noteworthy that the labor was all unskild, the men were employd as miners, junk collectors, teamsters, factory hands and day laborers; the women were employd in domestic and laundry work; the younger women were frequently employed in factory work. In regard to the regularity of employment, it was found that of the men 45% were working with some degree of regularity, while 55% were irregular or unemployd. One man figures that he could support his family on one dollar a day, and he didn t plan to make any more than that. Another 7 (Page 8) man stated quite earnestly to the investigator that he, unlike most of his neighbors, seizd every opportunity for work, but claimd that because of a physical defect his opportunities were rare. Outside investigation reveald, however, that this man had held a very good position as janitor in a business building, but lost it because he talkt so unceasingly and watcht the clock so sharply. In the case of the mothers who workt, including both those who were the sole support and those who contributed to support, it appeared that 33% had regular employment, while the remaining 67% had very irregular employment. This fact is explaind largely by the nature of the work, domestic work being more or less periodical. Unfortunately the methods of doing work, induced either by weakened physique or indifference, are such that a housewife is not able to retain these poor women in any service very long. One case in point is that of a strong, healthy woman of this group who dawdled all day over a small washing, and then turnd it out in a decidedly grimy condition. The housewife hiring this woman felt of course unable to retain such "help." It would seem that the matter of employment in Kirksville requires careful study and close supervision if poverty conditions are to be remedied in this community. II. Causes of Poverty in Kirksville From the data gatherd, the causes of poverty in Kirksville are not easily discoverd for the reason that they extend over a long period of time in their operations and they arise from many different sources. Many of the enumerated causes were immediate, but with them were found other deep-seated causes which by a chain of events reacht back to more remote conditions. All sociological phenomena act in this way. However, by a system of case counting sufficient data was found to get the classification of the primary causes. Below are tabulated in order of their importance the twelve causes that appeared in this investigation of thirty-five families. No. of Families Percentages Mismanagement........................ 12 .............. 34 per cent Shiftlessness........................ 10 .............. 28 per cent Inadequate and Misdirected Education. 10 .............. 28 per cent Unemployment and Inadequate Wage ..... 7 .............. 20 per cent Sickness ............................. 5 .............. 14 per cent Drink................................. 5 .............. 14 per cent Desertion............................. 6 .............. 14 per cent Unwise Philanthropy................... 5 .............. 14 per cent Accident.............................. 3 ............... 8 per cent Old Age............................... 2 ............... 5 per cent Mental Defect......................... 2 ............... 5 per cent Death of Male......................... 1 ............... 3 per cent In several families more than one cause is seen to be operating to produce poverty conditions. In every case, the characteristic of the individual is a noticeable feature of the cause, showing itself as a mental or physical trait 8 (Page 9) which modified the situation to a considerable extent. Thus it is difficult to evaluate the various contributory causes. In the opinion of the investigators the prime cause was the lack of judgment. These people were found to be poor managers of their own affairs, and since this was the case they were unable to cope with the difficulties in the world about them. "Poor men have poor ways." The two causes next in importance according to the classification given were shiftlessness and inadequate education -- both causes being reported in the cases of ten families. Shiftlessness may be a defect of character that is inherited, or the result of disease. In other cases, the lack of opportunity and of supervision may account for the idle habits having become fixt. Shiftlessness also becomes in turn a contributor to other causes, leading sometimes to increase in expenditure and sometimes to physical, mental and moral deterioration. The remedial measure that will be effectiv in this case is one that will lead to the formation of new habits. That inadequate education is a leading cause of shiftlessness is not difficult to believ when we recall that 62% of the parents had less than fourth grade education. It becomes clear that not only the extent but the character of education must needs be changed if the next generation is to be saved to society. The boys must somehow be saved from their blind-alley activities and made into producers. Unemployment was the cause operating in the next largest number of cases, seven cases being so accounted for. In some cases the question was one of insufficient wage, due frequently to irregularity of employment. The fact that none of those unemployd were qualified for skild labor or for work requiring good intelligence, was perhaps the chief reason for the lack of employment; in some few cases it was because of sickness and misfortune. Some systematic handling of the employment question is clearly one of the problems to be solvd in this community. Next in order of frequency, and of equal rank with the foregoing, came sickness, drink, desertion, and unwise philanthropy. The percentage of sickness seems somewhat lower than one would expect. This rate does not of course represent the total sickness, but merely that which affected the income of the family. Probably bad housing and unsanitary conditions of the house and surroundings are the basic causes of sickness. Ignorance, too, prevents the individual from improving his own condition. The situation of the families suffering from desertion has already been stated. The indications are that the male in every case became unable or unwilling to meet his obligations, and left the mother and her brood to shift for themselvs. In five cases unwise philanthropy was reported as the prime cause of poverty, in that most of the charity was merely almsgiving. The circumstances of the family were not thoroly understood, and personal service was wanting. The giving of aid increast the willingness of the family to be aided. Of the remaining minor causes, accident was next in frequency, being re- 9 (Page 10) ported in three cases as the cause of poverty. Old age was indicated as the cause in two cases, and in two others mental defectivness was given. In one case only was the death of the breadwinner reported, and this because of thrift and industry was hardly a case of real poverty. III. Remedial and Preventiv Agencies Now Existing Before attempting to draw final conclusions and make definit recommendations, the committee decided to ascertain as nearly as possible the scope of the existing remedial agencies. Accordingly, information was gatherd concerning the county court, the churches, the lodges and the charity association. Of the seven churches it was found that three had no charity board; four had such boards, all the boards having been organized within the past two years. These boards consisted of committees appointed by the several churches, except in one case where there was a board of directors. Two of these boards kept a record of the names of the persons aided, but no further information. Six of the churches reported having dispenst aid in food and clothing, and five reported the giving of money. The funds were derived from gifts and offerings. At Christmas time the churches united in contributing food and clothing to the poor who applied at the point of distribution for such aid. In general, the cases are reported by church members to the pastor or committee, and are visited by pastor and members of the church. Apparently the spirit is good, tho possibly a trifle spasmodic. The difficulty seems to lie in a certain lack of system in handling the cases, and in the fact that the service is limited more or less by the membership. One difficulty lies in the giving of money rather than work; and there seems in general, with the exception of one church, a lack of personal contact and supervision of the cases handled. Of the six lodges investigated, it was found that four gave assistance to their lodge members only, and that two gave assistance to members and their families. The charity is handled by a board in every case. The cases of need are reported to officers by members at regular times and handled by the officers or by committees some of whom visit each case. Sometimes a lodge member visits the case and makes report. There are no definit records kept. As to the source of the funds, five lodges have dues or funds in treasury for meeting the expenses. The chief defect here, from the point of view of general service, is, of course, the limited scope of the aid given, in that it included only members. The County Court has dispenst during the past year a total of $1,243 in something like two hundred checks ranging from $1 to $55. The average of the checks is something over $6. The total spent in Adair County for charitable purposes was about $4000. Kirksville, therefore, receivd something over one fourth of the total expenditure in the county. Most of this money was spent in remedying existing difficulties rather than in prevention. There was necessarily rather limited opportunity for investigation. 10 (Page 11) The Charity Organization of Kirksville was establisht in 1906 at a called meeting of the Sojourners' Club. This organization is not incorporated; it consists of a board of directors made up of the various ministers, two representativs from each church, two representative from the Elks Club, two representative from the Sojourners' Club. The officers are president, vice-president, secretary and treasurer. The cases are visited by the officers, and the names are enterd in a day-book. No card catalog is kept. The funds are gatherd by means of a collection which is obtaind through the soliciting of every business house and residence. Two years ago approximately $900 was collected in this way. During the year of 1916 the number of families investigated was 85, the total expenditure being $225.83. The amounts disburst ranged from $3.90 in August to $54.61 in January. The President and Secretary, along with the other officers of this organization are to be most highly commended for the faithful discharge of their duties; they know in a very intimate way practically all the families to whom they have given aid. The service of the organization is limited, however, by the lack of activ cooperation of the various bodies represented in the association. It is further limited by not being incorporated, and has no paid officer who might afford to give his whole time to systematizing the work and records, and give even more time to investigations. Handicapt by lack of money, equipment and supporting public opinion, it is impossible for this organization to open up work in the form of preventiv assistance. The service is of necessity limited to that of charity, which is almost almsgiving. IV. Conclusions and Recommendations The facts reveald by this investigation point clearly to the need of various changes and improvements which may be briefly summed up as remedial and preventiv measures in the direction of education, in the direction of health and sanitation, in the direction of social life and in the direction of relief. It is evident that there is need of education that will train the individual for self-support. Vocational guidance in the Kirksville schools, based upon a close study both of the youth's aptitudes and upon the prospects in the various trades and vocations would undoutedly correct many of the conditions of maladjustment which have been discoverd by the survey. Changes in the curriculum and methods of teaching would do much to hold the child in school and prepare him not only for the concrete situations of life but also to form habits which are conduciv to correct social and economic adjustment. The retardation of school children discoverd by the investigation leads to the conclusion that there is need of more careful classification and different methods of teaching. A special teacher using methods of "learning to do by doing" would undoutedly bring about improved conditions in the future. Such a change would make education for this particular class culminal as well as basal. 11 (Page 12) There is great need for rigid compulsory laws and for a better means of enforcing truancy laws. But compulsory school attendance in itself will not result in compulsory education and compulsory efficiency. The truant officer with police powers will not solve the difficulty. Every city of the size of Kirksville could well afford to employ a truant instructor who by Social study, by tact and sympathy could bring about such adjustment in the home and society as would not only get the child into school, but also keep him there. Regarding health and physique, it is evident that there is urgent need of provision to improve the bad sanitary conditions discoverd by the investigation. Civic sanitation and health campains would aid in the solution of this problem. There is need of a municipal or visiting nurse in Kirksville; many of the contributory causes of poverty could be prevented and removed under the direction of a visiting nurse, who might be employd under the direction of the organized charity association or city commissioners. Medical inspection in the public schools is advisable and would result not only in preventing much economic distress to the families of the children, but would tend to educate the people in the direction of sanitary living. The need of much social improvement is likewise made evident by this investigation. The establishing of municipal centers and the wider use of Kirksville s school plant would afford greater opportunity to this class of people to enjoy proper associations conduciv to well adjusted society. Some immediate provision should be made for a day nursery so that children need not be kept from school for home work; there is a general demand for this arrangement greater than is indicated within this investigation. Provision for wider moral instruction in the establishing of branch Sunday Schools would assist in the solution of the problem. Some plan should be devised for greater cooperation in relief work in Kirksville. At present there is much overlapping of relief measures, and impostors are frequent, because the applicants have learned that the different relief agencies do not keep in close touch with each other. There is need of an incorporated charity organization under the supervision of a salaried secretary, with a definite scheme of cooperation among all the charity agencies in the city. The general plan of the Board of Public Welfare in Kansas City could easily be adapted to local needs. The departments of welfare work needed here are first, a registration and endorsement bureau, whose business it would be to keep a card index of all cases being handled by any individual or organization, and to avoid overlapping by notifying other agencies; second, an investigation bureau, with overseers in each ward, with assistants (preferably students in sociology) to investigate and keep a card index of all cases in each ward, duplicate cards to be turnd over to registration bureau; third, an employment bureau, using a filing system to keep a record of reliability of each applicant; fourth, a recreation department with supervision over play grounds, dance halls, skating rinks and motion picture theatere; and fifth, a social center department, to bring about wider use of schools and churches for community gatherings. The Board of Welfare would consist of the chairman of each department, with the salaried secretary as presiding 12 (Page 13) officer. With this or some similar plan in force, there would be small chance of wasted or superfluous effort. Certain principles underlying the recommendations made in this report should not be lost sight of. Vagrancy laws should be rigidly enforced both for moral and economic reasons. All charity should be guided by specific knowledge of each case. Immediate relief to those in need should be given with the idea of restoring the individual to economic independence. Opportunity for self help is of greater value than the giving of money. Indiscriminate giving, in Kirksville as elsewhere, has wrought a great deal of evil. Mere almsgiving is a miserable substitute for the higher charity of personal service. 13 (Page 15) FORM OF QUESTIONNAIRE A STUDY IN SOCIAL ADMINISTRATION IN THE NORMAL SCHOOL, KIRKSVILLE, MISSOURI Case No._____ Name_____ Address_____ Father s Name_____ Nationality_____ Religion_____ Mother s Name_____ Nationality_____ Religion_____ No. of Children_____ Other_____ Dependents_____ DIRECT ENVIRONMENT I. HOUSE AND GROUNDS_____ A. Yard_____ B. House (condition)_____ 1. Size_____ 2. Lighting_____ 3. Heating _____ 4. Ventilation_____ 5. Water Supply_____ 6. Disposal of Waste_____ a. Sewage_____ b. Garbage_____ 7. Furniture_____ 8. Ornamentation_____ 9. Cleanliness_____ II. SOCIAL CONDITIONS A. Educative Influences_____ B. Amusements_____ C. Associations_____ D. Parents Education_____ HEALTH I. FAMILY SICKNESS A. Extent_____ B. Kind_____ C. Who_____ D. Now_____ 1. Kind_____ E. Family Doctor_____ 1. Present Doctor_____ ECONOMIC CONDITIONS I. HOME EXPENDITURES A. Rent_____ B. Food_____ C. Fuel_____ D. Clothing_____ E. Sickness_____ Total_____ EMPLOYMENT MALE FEMALE Ocptn_____ _____ Healthful_____ _____ Skild_____ _____ Income_____ _____ Regularity_____ _____ Unemployd_____ _____ Why_____ _____ Contribution to Support_____ BIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS I. TRANSMITTED DISEASES A. Kind_____ B. Extent_____ II. MATERNAL GRANDPARENTS A. Living_____ B. Age_____ C. Cause of Death_____ D. Age_____ III. PATERNAL GRANDPARENTS A. Living_____ B. Age_____ C. Cause of death_____ D. Age_____ IV. MATERNAL AUNTS AND UNCLES (general)_____ V. PATERNAL AUNTS AND UNCLES (general)_____ CHILDREN No._____ Ages and Sex_____ No. in School_____ School_____ Grades_____ Promotion_____ Interest_____ Attendance_____ Why_____ Clothing_____ Employment_____ Time_____ Wge_____ Contribution to Family Support_____ AID RECEIVD Public or Private_____ Organization_____ Person_____ Kind_____ Amount_____ How Often_____ Visited by Whom_____ For remarks and recommendations, see other side Date__________ Investigator.__________ 15 (Page 16) (Back Cover)