(Front Cover) ANNUAL CATALOGUE AND CIRCULAR, 1898-99. State Normal School FIRST DISTRICT, KIRKSVILLE, MO. (Page i) (Page ii) (Page iii) (Page 1) ANNUAL CATALOGUE of the Officers, Alumni and Students of the STATE NORMAL SCHOOL First District, KIRKSVILLE, MISSOURI. Thirty-Second Year, 1898-99. With Courses of Instruction and Announcements for School Year 1899-1900. DEMOCRAT PRINT, KIRKSVILLE, MO. (Page 2) CALENDAR. First Semester-Twenty Weeks. 1899 First Quarter--Ten Weeks. 4 September. Monday. Entrance Examinations 5 September. Tuesday. Year Opens. 10 November. Friday Quarter Closes. Second Quarter--Ten Weeks. 13 November. Monday. Quarter Opens. 23 December. Saturday. Christmas Vacation Begins. 1900 2 January. Tuesday. Christmas Vacation Ends. 3 January. Wednesday. Opening After Vacation. 26 January. Friday. Semester Ends. Second Semester--Twenty Weeks. Third Quarter--Ten Weeks. 29 January. Monday. Entrance Examination. 30 January. Tuesday. Term Opens. 22 February. Thursday. Senior Society Entertainment. 6 April. Friday. Quarter Closes. Fourth Quarter--Ten Weeks. 9 April. Monday. Quarter Opens. 11 May. Friday. Boys' Inter-Society. Declamatory Contest for the Library Medal, 18 May. Friday. Field Day. 1 June. Friday. Model School Entertainment. Commencement Week. 10 June. Sunday, 11 A. M. Baccalaureate Sermon. 11 June. Monday evening. Girls' Inter-Society Declamatory Contest for the W. T. Baird Medal. 12 June. Tuesday Evening. Inter-Society Oratorical Contest for the R. M. Ringo Medal. 13 June. Wednesday, A. M. Graduating Exercises of the Elementary Class. 13 June. Wednesday, P. M. Alumni Meeting. 13 June. Wednesday evening. Annual Address and Alumni Banquet. 14 June. Thursday, A. M. Commencement. 14 June. Thursday, P. M. Annual Reunion. (Page 3) BOARD OF REGENTS. W. T. CARRINGTON. State Superintendent Public Schools, Ex-Officio Regent, Jefferson City. SCOTT J. MILLER, Chillicothe. C. C. FOGLE, Lancaster. Terms Expire January, 1901. J. W. MARTIN, Kirksville. GEORGE HALL, Trenton. Terms Expire January, 1903. S. M. PICKLER, Kirksville. A. W. MULLINS, Linneus. Terms Expire January, 1905. Officers of the Board. SCOTT J. MILLER, President. GEORGE HALL, Vice-President. J. W MARTIN, Secretary. R. M. RINGO, Treasurer. Committees. EXECUTIVE. GEO. HALL, C. C. FOGLE, S. M. PICKLER, TEACHERS, TEXT BOOKS, COURSE OF STUDY, CATALOGUES AND LIBRARY. W. T. CARRINGTON, A. W. MULLINS, J. W. MARTIN (Page 4) FACULTY OF 1899-1900. JOHN R. KIRK, President, Department of Pedagogy. RICHARD C. NORTON, A. M., LL. D., Department of Mathematics. WILLIAM.D. DOBSON, A. M., LL. D., Department of History and Civics. WILLIAM RICHARDSON, A. M., Ph. D., Department of English Language and Literature. B. P. GENTRY, Department of Latin. LOUIS S. DAUGHERTY, M. S., Department of Natural Science. J. E. WEATHERLY, B. S., Department of Physical Science. ERMINE OWEN, Department of Elocution and Physical Culture. MARY T. PREWITT, Assistant in Mathematics. RUBY WESTLAKE, Assistant in Latin, History and Civics. HALLIE HALL, A. B., Assistant in English Language and Literature. KATHERYN GARWICK, Department of Music. MARGARET DEWITT, Training Department. CHARLES EDWARD ROSS, Secretary of Faculty, Department of Art. (Page 5) GENERAL INFORMATION. LOCATION. This State Normal School has the advantage of an unusually good location. Kirksville is a progressive modern town of nearly ten thousand population. It is proverbial for good health. It has electric light and water works, good sidewalks, paved streets and the best of railroad facilities. The Wabash Railroad by way of Moberly connects directly with Kansas City and St. Louis; it crosses the Missouri, Kansas & Texas at Moberly; it crosses the Hannibal & St. Joe at Macon, giving connection with the entire Burlington System; it crosses the Keokuk & Western at Glenwood Junction, the Chicago, Burlington & Kansas City at Moulton, Iowa, and the Rock Island at Belknap, Iowa, giving east and west connections at those places; it communicates directly with Ottumwa and Des Moines on the north. The Omaha, St. Louis & Eastern Railway gives Kirksville the advantage of direct communication with Quincy on the east and with Omaha and Kansas City on the west, crossing the Chicago, Burlington & Kansas City at Milan, also the Rock Island and Milwaukee Railways at Trenton. DESIGN OF THE NORMAL SCHOOL. The Normal School is designed to prepare teachers for the public school of the state, not simply for the rural schools and other elementary schools, but for all the public schools of the state. It is not a High School; it must for some time yet give academic instruction prety nearly co-ordinate with that of the best high schools, but its distinctive purpose is pedagogical, and it is assumed that the General Assembly has no other purpose in its support and maintenance. Students who do not intend to become teachers should therefore not attempt to secure their education in the State Normal School. An inspection of the course of instruction given by this institution will show that about four-fifths of the students lime is devoted to the attainment of scholarship, as is done in most western institutions of this character; that about one-fifth of the student's time is devoted to the observation, study and discussion of matters pertaining to school organization, management and methods of instruction. This division of the student's time seems, for the present at least, to be necessary, but it is hoped that conditions in Missouri will soon be such that the High Schools of the state will give practically all the academic instruction now given in the Normal Schools, and that the Normal Schools can be devoted more nearly to training and instruction for purely pedagogical purposes. The Sub-Normal school year will be continued a little longer, but it should certainly be abolished at an early date. THE MODEL SCHOOL AND TRAINING DEPARTMENT. It is thought that the Model School and Training Department should characterize every real normal school, and it is the intention that the same shall be a distinctive feature of this institution. About one hundred children, representing all grades be- (Page 6) 6 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. low the High School, constitute the Model School, in which an attempt will he made to illustrate the best methods of teaching in elementary schools. The Model School this year, at least, will attempt to exemplify the Speer method of teaching Arithmetic; Literature from the first to the eighth grade, inclusive; Geography from the Standpoint of those practical men who have gone into the fields, and who are teaching by truly objective or laboratory methods; composition as an out-growth of literature and of observation; Drawing as it is given in the best Normal Art Schools; Music, and in fact everything which is appropriate to teach in a practical up-to-date elementary school. It is the intention of the present management of the institution to make this Model School both attractive and profitable to the Normal School students, or else have it abolished. BASIS FOR PEDAGOGICAL INSTRUCTION. It is proposed to make the Model School the basis for the greater part of the instruction in the Department of Pedagogy. To this end the President of the Normal and the supervisor of the model school will co-operate. They will undertake to make the model school so complete an exemplification of rational and practical methods of instruction that illustrations of right methods may readily be drawn from it by those students who are assembled in the various classes for the study and discussion of pedagogical principles and practices. KIND OF STUDENTS INVITED TO THIS SCHOOL. The State of Missouri offers this great institution as a training school for prospective public school teachers. The institution invites to its doors brave, strong young Missourians who are willing to devote their lives to the mastery of a great profession. Idlers are not wanted; feeble people are not wanted; those seeking a mere fashionable and nominal education are not wanted; those who seek an education for the sake of living easier lives are not wanted; those, and only those, are wanted who are pure-minded, sensible, industrious and purposeful. It will be wise to enter at the beginning of the year and to be in the assembly room the first morning of the term, Tuesday, Sept. 5th, 1899. It is recommended that as many young men and young women as possible lay their plans to attend continuously three or four years, but at all events it is deemed eminently desirable that students try to enter at the beginning of some one year and remain at least throughout a period of ten months. LITERARY SOCIETIES. Among the students three literary societies are maintained--Philomathean, Senior and Zetosophian. In these societies literary exercises consisting of declamations, essays, orations, debates, etc., are conducted each week. Membership in the societies is voluntary. It is not supposed that the exercises of these societies will take the place of deep and persistent study of literature, rhetoric, etc., in the regular classes of the English Department. The literary societies are rather outgrowths of literary study, and supplementary to the usual class-room exercises of the institution. (Page 7) STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. 7 LIBRARIES. This Normal School already has a small general library, composed of standard works of science, poetry, biography, fiction, art and history. These books are for the use of the school at large. There is also a small reference library containing various reports, cyclopedias, dictionaries and text-books. A New Feature.--The last General Assembly of Missouri appropriated $2500 for the purchase of books and scientific apparatus. Doubtless about half of this sum will be expended on the library, but a better distribution and a new use of the books purchased is hereafter to be made; it is proposed to have at least one book-case in every class room of the institution, and with the money above mentioned to fill these cases with books adapted to the purposes of the several departments of the institution. Thus the teacher of Science, the teacher of Literature and each of the other teachers will have resources close at hand at all times with which to supplement the usual class-room instruction. There seems to be no doubt that a disposition to investigate and a habit of reading for definite purposes will be more effectively fostered and directed in this way than through a general library remote from where the daily work of the Students carried on. It is to be understood, of course, that these books, under the watch-care of the respective teachers, are for the free use of all students to whom they may be of real service. GENERAL REGULATIONS. Students are required to comply with the following, and with such other regulations as the Board of Regents, President and Faculty may from time to time make known: 1. Students are required to be present at all general exercises of the school and and at every recitation; and to perform faithfully all the duties assigned them. 2. No student shall discontinue a study except for good cause, of which the department teacher and the President of the Faculty shall be the judges. 3. Students are prohibited from visiting billiard rooms, pool rooms, and other similar places of resort. 4. The use of profane, obscene and other improper language is prohibited. 5. The use of tobacco in or near the Normal School building, or on the premises is prohibited. Indulgence in any kind of intoxicants is prohibited. Games of chance and other amusements that hinder study, retard work or injure the reputation of the institution are not to be indulged in by the students. The carrying of firearms by students is prohibited. 6. The courtesies and requirements of good society and of good morals apply to the management of the students in respect to personal association, so far as the conditions under which the students live make it possible. It is expected that under no conditions will lady students permit gentlemen to call upon them in their lodging rooms, and persons keeping boarding houses are held responsible for such violations, the faculty holding the right of forbidding students to lodge at places where these reasonable conditions are not enforced. Many things that could be permitted at home under the care of parents can not be allowed here, and students violating such special (Page 8) 8 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. provisions will be considered not fit persons to become teachers and their connection with the school will be discontinued by the faculty. Admonition is given when necessary, and it is expected that thereafter no further cause will be given for criticism or advice. If heed is not given to such requests upon the part of any member of the faculty, the person so transgressing is disciplined. Heads of families keeping student boarders are expected to report any violations of the above regulations, or any other irregularities in deportment. 7. Students leaving school without being regularly excused by the president will be considered suspended. *All permissions and excuses required by the above regulations must be obtained from the president of the faculty, or from such persons as may be designated by him. SPECIAL REGULATIONS AND DIRECTIONS. 1. Conversation is not permitted in the library or reading rooms, as it results in confusion. 2. Loitering or loud talking in the halls or cloak rooms is forbidden. 3. Books, wraps, hats, caps, overshoes, umbrellas, etc., should be marked plainly by owners thereof so they may be known. 4. The city residence of every student is required at the office. In case change is made, report it at once. 5. Every case of sickness should be promptly reported to teachers and also to the office. 5. In passing to and from all classes, students are required to keep to the right in single file and refrain from conversation. In case it is necessary to cross a column stop until you can proceed according to this rule. 7. Reasons for absence from school, or from any class, are to be presented at the office before entering the class. 8. All reasons for absence must be in writing and must be returned to the office after being exhibited to and signed by the several teachers. 9. Regular faculty meetings occur at 3 o'clock p. M., Mondays, during term time. Students must arrange their business with the faculty to conform to this time. EXPENSES. Expenses from $25 to $40 per term.--This is the total cost of board, light, fuel, books arid incidental fee for a term of ten weeks. Boarding costs from $2.50 to $3 per week.--This includes furnished room, light and fuel. Good homes in private families can always be secured. Club and self-boarding costs from $1 to $2 per week. For this purpose either furnished or unfurnished rooms can always be secured at reasonable rates. Many of our best students board themselves, or board in small clubs. Furnished rooms may be rented for $2.50 to $3.50 per month. Tuition free; incidental fee, $5 per term of ten weeks, or $8 per semester of twenty (Page 8a) ASSEMBLY ROOM. (Page 8b) (Page 9) STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. 9 weeks. No other fees whatever required by the institution. The payment of the incidental fee to the treasurer secures for the student a permit, which he must have recorded before entering any class. In no case will the incidental fee be refunded. Students should bring, with them all their text books, for reference and for class room use. Our seventy or more daily recitations accommodate all. Students prepared to enter will find classes to suit them. Students are urged to be present at the beginning of the year if possible. Students are cordially welcomed. The teachers and students will welcome you. Our citizens will honor and respect you. They will receive you into their families their Sunday schools and their churches. All will contribute to make your stay with us as pleasant as possible. Confident that you will be pleased with the Normal School you are earnestly invited to come and enjoy its advantages. Persons wishing to engage board in advance should address Prof. B. P. Gentry or the president, Kirksville, Missouri, stating the price per week they wish to pay, and all arrangements will be made. Ladies coming alone will be met at the depots, and boarding places found for them, if they will send postal cards addressed to the president, or to "State Normal School, Kirksville, Missouri," making this request. MORAL AND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES. Most of the religious denominations of the west are represented here. Their Sunday schools and churches extend a cordial welcome to the students. The students board in the families of our best citizens. The resident ministers visit the Normal School weekly, and by their influence assist in maintaining the moral tone of the institution. The students voluntarily maintain young men's and young women's Christian Associations, under whose guidance much social, moral and religious work is done. The President of the Y. W. C. A. requests the following announcement in this catalogue: "The object of this association is to represent and in every way promote practical Christianity among the students. This work is rich in good results. Every young woman on entering the Normal School is invited to identify herself with this organization. It is important to enter the association early in the school year, as numerous changes in the student corps each year leave many things for those to do who enter as new students at the beginning of the year. A letter addressed to the President of the Y. W. C. A. or to the Secretary will receive prompt attention. Young women wishing information in regard to board, clubbing or self boarding may receive it by writing to Miss Lettie Petree, Secretary Y. W. C. A., Kirksville, Missouri." CONDITIONS OF ADMISSION. 1. Male applicants must be at least sixteen and females fifteen years of age. 2. Those seeking admission for the first time must present satisfactory evidence of GOOD MORAL CHARACTER. A letter from the County Commissioner, or from some person of well-known integrity, will be sufficient. 3. Those who come from other institutions of learning must submit satisfactory evidence of having been honorably discharged. (Page 10) 10 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. 4. Students wishing to enter the school for the first time, and coining at the beginning of the year should present themselves at the Normal building at 8 o'clock, A.M., on Saturday or Monday preceding the Tuesday on which the first term of the school year opens. 5. Standing obtained recently in High Schools, Academies and Colleges on the approved list of the State University will be accepted by this institution, after satisfactory examination in any one subject agreed upon by the applicant and the President of this institution. 6. All students must have paid the incidental fee and presented the treasurer's receipt therefor before being granted the privileges of class work. 7. Each applicant must "sign a declaration of intention to follow the profession of teaching in the public schools of the state," and must also sign a pledge to cheerfully comply with the regulations of the school, requiring promptitude, regularity and proper decorum. TIME OF ADMISSION. The President and Secretary of the Faculty will be at the Normal School Building at 8 o'clock A.M., Saturday, September 2, 1899, at which time all resident students and all students of the "Sub- Normal course and all students of the Freshman year are requested to be present if possible for classification. The program showing order of recitations, etc., will at that time be made up. On Monday, September 4, it is desired and requested that all others seeking entrance be present for classification. CONDITIONS OF GRADUATION. 1. Candidates must possess good moral character. 2. Each candidate must have a grade of not less than 75 per cent, in each branch of study in the course pursued, and 80 per cent, on general average. Students having a grade of 90 per cent, or more, in any subject, will be considered distinguished in that subject, and will be so announced. 3. Each candidate must submit to and read before the faculty, at the middle of the second term, a thesis on some educational or literary topic. ARTICULATION WITH STATE UNIVERSITY. (FROM CATALOGUE OF UNIVERSITY.) "Graduates of the three State Normal Schools in the advanced Latin course of study as recently established will be admitted to the University without examination and be permitted to enter without condition the Freshman Class in the B. L. and B. S. courses in the Academic Department, and the Freshman class in Engineering. They may also enter the Departments of Law and Medicine, and the School of Agriculture, and the School of Mines at Rolla. In any course, they may enter as much higher than Freshman as in the judgment of the professors their qualifications permit." MEDALS. R. M. Ringo PRIZE MEDAL.--For the delivery of the best original oration R. M. Ringo, Treasurer of the Board of Regents, awards annually a $20 gold medal. (Page 11) STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. 11 Contestants confined to the three and four years' classes are to be elected by the literary societies, subject to the approval of the faculty. The number of contestants is determined by the faculty. This medal was won this year by Mr. John G. Brown. Wm. T. Baird Prize Medal.--For the best declamation, W. T. Baird, Ex-Treasurer of the Board of Regents, annually awards a $15 gold medal. Contestants confined to the young ladies of the school in studies below the Junior Class and to be selected by the literary societies, subject to the approval of the faculty. This medal was won by Miss Josephene Buchanan. LIBRARY PRIZE MEDAL.--There will be awarded a $15 gold medal for the best declamation given by a young man of the school in studies below the Junior Class. The method of selecting contestants and the time of holding the contest will be determined by the faculty. This medal was won by Mr. M. A. Romjue. HISTORICAL ESSAY PRIZE.-Messrs. Punk and Wagnalls, of New York, publishers of "The Columbian Historical Novels," by Jno. R. Musick, will award a $30 set of these books to the student writing the best essay on some subject of American history. This prize was won by Mr. L. M. Cox. COURSES OF INSTRUCTION. SUB-NORMAL SCHOOL COURSE. FIRST SEMESTER. Reading, Political and Physical Geography, Mental and Practical Arithmetic, U. S. History and American Classics. SECOND SEMESTER. English Grammar, Physiology and Hygiene, Elementary Algebra, Civil Government and American Classics. [Drill Classes in Orthoepy, Orthography and Penmanship are organized for those who are noticeably deficient in these subjects.] NORMAL SCHOOL COURSES. FRESHMAN YEAR. FIRST SEMESTER. LATIN COURSE. 1. English Classics. 2. Latin. 3. Algebra. 4. Reading and Voice Culture. 5. School Economy. ENGLISH COURSE. 1. English Classics. 2. Physical Geography. 3. Algebra. 4. Reading and Voice Culture. 5. School Economy. (Page 12) 12 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. SECOND SEMESTER. 1. English Classics. 2. Latin. 3. Plane Geometry. 4. Drawing. 5. Psychology and Principles of Education. . English Classics. 2. Agriculture. 3. Plane Geometry. 4. Drawing. 5. Psychology and Principles of Education. SOPHOMORE YEAR. FIRST SEMESTER. 1. English Composition and Analysis. 2. Latin. 3. Biology. 4. Vocal Music. 5. Pedagogy. 1. English Composition and Analysis. 2. Ancient History. 3. Biology. 4. Vocal Music. 5. Pedagogy. SECOND SEMESTER. 1. Rhetoric. 2. Latin. 3. Biology. 4. Drawing or Vocal Music. 5. Observation and Practice in Training School. 1.Rhetoric. 2. Medieval or Modern History. 3. Biology. 4. Drawing and Vocal Music. 5. Observation and Practice in Training School. JUNIOR YEAR. FIRST SEMESTER. 1.English History. 2.Latin. 3.Chemistry. 4.Solid Geometry. 5.Mental Science and Child Study. 1. English History. 2. English. 3. Chemistry. 4. Solid Geometry. 5. Mental Science and Child Study. SECOND SEMESTER. 1. American History and Government. 2. Latin. 3. Chemistry. 4. Plane Trigonometry. 5. Moral Science and Graded Schools. 1. American History and Government. 2. English. 3. Chemistry. 4. Plane Trigonometry. 5. Moral Science and Graded Schools. SENIOR YEAR. FIRST SEMESTER. 1. English Literature. 2. Latin. 3. Physics. 4. Higher Algebra. 5. Observation and Practice in Training School. 1. English Literature. 2. Political Economy. 3. Physics. 4. Higher Algebra. 5. Observation and Practice in Training School. (Page 13) STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. 13 SECOND SEMESTER. 1. English Literature. 2. Latin. 3. Physics. 4. History and Philosophy of Education. 5. Observation and Practice in Training School. 1. English Literature. 2. Drawing. 3. Physics. 4. History and Philosophy of Education. 5. Observation and Practice in Training School. NOTES AND COMMENTS ON COURSES INSTRUCTION. 1. To the Student: Do not get confused; inspect the courses of instruction; try to discover what you need; remember always that the courses of study and the daily program are for the student, not the student for the mechanical courses of study or for the program. DAILY PROGRAM NOT GIVEN.--The daily program is not published in this catalogue. It will be constructed at the beginning of the school year in September. It will be adapted to the needs of the students at that time entering the institution. 2. NEW COURSES OF INSTRUCTION.--The above given courses of instruction are new and somewhat more extended than former courses. They were arranged and agreed upon some months age by the State Superintendent of Public Schools and the Presidents of the State Normal Schools of Missouri for the purpose of securing uniformity in these institutions, and have been adopted by the Regents of this Normal School. DO NOT BE DISTRIBUTED.--Take it for granted that the President and the Faculty will be sensible; that they will be fair with the students of the school; that they will not require unreasonable things; that they will not attempt to carry into effect literally any course of instruction offered without notice. To illustrate: Students who in June, 1899, were about through the Junior year, as the course of instruction was then given, will, at the beginning of school in September, 1899, be expected to select and pursue those subjects not hitherto taken by them, which will yet give them the best possible scholarship and culture to be obtained by them in the remaining year which they have planned to spend in the institution. 3. RECOMMENDATION.--Strong students who have an ambition to become actual and successful teachers are recommended to take the Latin course, with as much of the English course in addition thereto as their time, strength and opportunities will permit. It is believed that students in the Sophomore year of the Latin course ought to have the History scheduled in the English course of that year, and that most of them will be able to take it. There can be little doubt that graduates of any full course should have had at least two year's instruction in history. 4. SPECIAL NOTICE. FOUR SUBJECTS.--Under none except extraordinary conditions will any student be permitted to pursue more than four solid academic subjects, such as Algebra, Latin, English, etc. Four such subjects give twenty recitation periods per week, each forty minutes in length. These, with one drill daily, are all that a healthy student ought to attempt. 5. It is agreed that the student who completes the sub-Normal School course may receive a statement of that fact from the Faculty; that a student who completes (Page 14) 14 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. the first two years of either the Latin or the English course shall receive a Regents' certificate, which is by law a state certificate good for two years after date of issue; that a student who completes either the Latin or the English course shall receive the Regents' diploma, which is a life certificate to teach in all the public schools of Missouri. "Resolved, That air students who shall have completed the entire Latin course shall receive a Latin diploma; that all students who shall have completed the English course shall receive an English diploma; that all students who shall have completed both the Latin and the English course shall receive a Latin-English diploma, and that graduates of the above courses shall receive the degree B. S. D., provided that these resolutions shall not apply to students who have already completed two years of the present course of study."--Minutes of Board of Regents, June 15, 1899. 6. It is intended that both the certificates and the diplomas shall show specifically which of the above courses the student has pursued, namely: the Latin course, the English course or both. 7. EXAMINATIONS.-"All persons applying for admission to the sub-Normal School course shall be subjected to a thorough examination in Spelling, Reading, Geography, Arithmetic and Elements of English Grammar. All persons applying for admission to the formal School proper shall be subjected to a thorough examination in all subjects of the sub-normal school course, and no person whose average falls below 60 per cent, shall be admitted to either."--Minutes of Board of Regents, June 15, 1899. TEXT BOOKS. It is the intention to use in the main the same text books in this Normal School as are used in the public schools of the state, but with this reservation: That new and improved books may occasionally be introduced when the same are manifestly better adapted to the needs of the school than the older ones are. Students should bring with them all their text-books, since many of their old books not needed for class-room purposes will still be useful for reference. The adopted books are in the list below and printed in italics: AGRICULTURE: Book yet to be selected. ALGEBRA: Smith, Wentworth's Shorter Course, Milne. ARITHMETIC: Milne, Spe'r, Walsh. ARITHMETIC, MENTAL: White, Bailey. BIOLOGY: Boyer. BOTANY: Bergen, Gray, Youmans, Wood, Bessey. CHEMISTRY: Storer and Lindsay Shepherd, Williams, Richter. CIVIL GOVERNMENT: Andrews, Townsend, Macy, Hinsdale. DRAWING: White, Prang. ELOCUTION: Owen, Murdock, Hamill. ENGLISH HISTORY: Green. ETHICS: Peabody, Winslow, Fairchild, Hopkins. GEOGRAPHY: Eclectic, Guyot, Rand-McNally, Natural, Frye. GEOMETRY: Macnie, Wells, Wentworth, Phillips and Fisher. GRADED SCHOOLS AND INSTITUTES: Payne, Kidder, Wells, Phelps. (Page 15) STATE NORMAL SCHOOL; FIRST DISTRICT. 15 GRAMMAR: Holbrook, Whitney, Conklin, Reed and Kellogg, Patrick. HISTORY, ANCIENT: Myers. HISTORY, MODERN: Myers. HISTORY AND CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MISSOURI: Rader. HISTORY OF EDUCATION; Painter, Browning Quick, Compayre. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES: Montgomery, Barnes, Ridpath, Scudder, Fiske, Morris. LATIN: Grammar--Bennett, Allen and Greenough. First Year.--First Latin Book: Collar and Daniell. Second Year.--Caesar, Kelsey; Composition, Daniell; Cicero, Allen and Greenough, (two orations). Third Year.--Cicero (two orations): Virgil, Comstock. Fourth Year.--Sallust: Horace, Shorey and Kirkland. LITERATURE: Blaisdell, Hawthorne and Lemon, Matthews, Painter, Taine, Royce, Welsh. METHODS OF TEACHING: Fitch, White, Swett. MUSIC: Not yet adopted. MYTHOLOGY : Guerber. PENMANSHIP: Natural System. PHYSICS: Gage. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY: Maury, Guyot, Eclectic, Tarr. PHYSIOLOGY: Walker, Carpenter, Martin, Colton, Stowell, Baldwin. PSYCHOLOGY: White, Baldwin, Halleck, Roark. RHETORIC: Genung, Welsh, Hill, Williams. SCHOOL ECONOMY: Raub, Hughes, Baldwin, Greenwood, White. TRIGONOMETRY: Wells, Wentworth, Bowser, Smith. ZOOLOGY: Holder, Colton, Packard, Orton. (Page 16) 16 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. GRADUATE COURSE. MASTER OF SCIENTIFIC DIDACTICS. This diploma will he issued to such graduates as teach successfully for three years after graduation, and complete the following course of reading, or its equivalent to be approved by the faculty. Each applicant shall submit a satisfactory original thesis of from four to five thousand words on some phase of educational work, the subject to be approved by the president of the faculty, and shall be printed or written by typewriter, and filed in the library of the school. The objects of this course are to stimulate graduates to continuous and well directed effort. For particulars as to fees, advanced work in any department, substitution of subjects for any in course, or any information concerning the same, address the president. GROUP 1.--History. History of the English People, Green. History of France, Guizot. Conquest of Mexico, Prescott. Frederick the Great, Carlyle. Natural History of the United States, Lossing. GROUP 2.--Poetry. The Iliad, Homer. Course of Time, Pollock. Lallah Rookh, Moore. Hiawatha and Evangeline, Longfellow. Ancient Mariner, Coleridge. GROUP 3.--Fiction. Waverly and Ivanhoe, Scott David Copperfield and Nicholas Nickleby, Dickens. Undiscovered Country, Howell. Endymion, Beaconsfleld. Vicar of Wakefield, Goldsmith. GROUP 4.--Literature and Civics. History and Philosophy of Literature, Welsh or Taine. Hamlet, Henry IV, Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare. The Nation, Mulford. Constitutional History of the United States, Von Holst. The State, Wilson. The American Commonwealth, Bryce. GROUP 5.--Science and History of Education. Lectures on Education, Payne. Lectures on Education, Herbert Spencer. Education as a Science, Bain. (Page 16a) (Page 16b) READING ROOM (Page 17) STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. 17 Lectures on Teaching, Compayre. Rise and Constitution of the Universities, Laurie. History of Education in the United States, Boone. GROUP 6.-Psychology and Ethics. Outlines of Psychology, Sully. Modern Philosophy, Bowen. History of Modern Philosophy, Cousin. Christian Ethics, Gregory. Psychology Applied to the Art of Teaching, Baldwin. Moral Philosophy, Winslow. GROUP 7.-Professional. Theory and Practice, Thwing. Free Schools of the United States, Adams. Methods of Teaching, Brooks. Teacher and Parent, Northend. School Amusements, Root. Life of Pestalozzi, Krusi. The Child, etc., Krieger. Self Culture, etc., Blackie. The completion of ten subjects, together with the above mentioned thesis, will entitle the candidate to this diploma. In the selection of these subjects for study and examination, one study only shall be taken from each of the first four groups, and two from each of the remaining three. Candidates for the above degree must send to the president of the faculty their theses and outlines of the course they have pursued, at least two weeks before commencement; must appear before the faculty within such time, and be present on commencement day to receive their diplomas, unavoidable circumstances alone excusing them. (Page 18) CATALOGUE OF STUDENTS FOR THE YEAR 1898-99. A NAME. COUNTY. Ash, Ashley Ashton...Monroe Ayers, Harry Ernest...Macon Anderson, Jamie...Putnam Anderson, Henry...Linn Arnold, Sam'l W...Schuyler Ashworth, Jesse Edmon....Schuyler Adams, Perry Harrison...Adair Allard, Ernest Beason...Linn Adams, Mattie Belle...Adair Abplanalp, Ira Sankey....Worth Atterbury, Harry Baker....Monroe Alexander, W. P....Sullivan Ashlock, Jessie Cordelia....Adair Adams, Alice....Adair Anderson, Mabel E....Adair Adams, Newton Alexander....Scotland Allen, Sallie Martha....Linn Allen. Effa....Scotland Anderson, Luella....Adair Abplanalp, Benj Franklin....Worth Abylanalp, Lizzie....Worth Andrews, Wm Thurman....Schnyler Adams, Claude B....Randolph B Bridges, Daniel Gideon...Worth. Bledsoe, Willis Robert....Schuyler Belshe, Amelia Margaret....Grundy Bowser, Jno Wm....Whiteside, Ill Biggs, Hattie Della....Adair Brown, Will I....Knox Bradsher, Earl L....Randolph Buck, Frank Elba....Macon Buchanan, Cora Clide....Adair Broyles, Gayles Newt....Adair Bondurant, Price....Schuyler Bibee, S C....Adair Bibee, Bunnie....Adair Baker, Edna Strother....Adair Barnett, Harry Hopkins....Scotland Ballinger, Lula Anna....Adair Bradney, Nell G....Monroe Bane, Martin F....Clark Bradley, Lola Katherine....Adair Baker, Amber....Adair Bodle, Joseph Horace....Adair Burton, Waller Brady....Monroe Brown, Fleta Coy....Adair Beeman, Lula Leota....Adair Bauer, Lula Irene....Shelby Bowen, Pansy Pearl....Adair Buckalew, Pearl L....Adair Borden, Allen....Adair Brigham, Vernon Theo....Adair Baker, James W....Lawrence Bragg, Delos Austin....Adair Baker, Gwyp Haryey....Adair Baltzell, James Elsworth....Lewis Brooks, Mattie Isabella....Callaway Barrows, Bertha L....Adair Boyles, Albert Edwin....Adair Baker, Kate....Montgomery Boring, Mollie....Knox Bliven, Nettie Mabel....Adams, Ill Bliven, Charlotte Belle....Adams, Ill Beardsley, W V....Adair Bradley, Dennis....Macon Berrey, Forrist Cecil....Audrain Browning, Hugh Blaydes....Audrain Briscoe, Florence....Monroe Bachman, Clide....Adair (Page 19) STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. 19 Boney. Myrtle....Randolph Barnard, Harve C....Adair Bowman, Zella Myrtle....Adair Buchanan, Sarah F....Adair Bowman, Pearl....Adair Bohon, Albert Ross....Carroll Beall, Cordelia M....Adair Bernard, Addie Lee....Macon Barnes, Susie....Atchison Bramblette, John E....Adair Buchanan, Chas Conner....Adair Brown, Muriel....Chariton Barker, Huldah....Adair Baker, Florence....Adair Bovard, Genevieve....Nodaway Boyd. James Thomas....Audrain Benson, Robt Marvin....Carrol Brogan, Lucy....Randolph Blacklock, David Elton....Gentry Bailey, Loa....Adair Baker, John Winfield....Adair Boucher, Ezra Orley....Randolph Browne, John Griest....Knox Brashear, Everette E....Adair Bradley, Oscar E....Scotland Barnes, Edgar Thos....Knox Beck, Frances Rosella....Sullivan Burton, Rubie Spencer....Monroe Brogan, Anna Helen....Lyon, Kan Boyes, Marion Allison....Callaway Banning, Wily Jacob....Macon Buchanan, Josephine....Adair Beck, Roy Lebberis....Montgomery Browning, James J...Audrain Bailey, Minnie Laura....Schuyler Bohrer, Estelle Grace....Monroe Bradfield, C G....Andrew Brandes, Lulu....St. Charles Brown, Leona....Adair C Coppers, May M....Knox Coppers, Alpha Foster....Knox Coonfield, Geo W....Adair Chappell, Nellie Leona....Adair Coveo, Florence Alice....Cloud, Kan Crockett, Ellen J....Caldwell Coppers, Addie Elmer....Knox Caskey, Adah Blanche....Adair Cater, Roy Messer....Linn Cleaveland, Artie Keller....Shelby Caskey, Nellie Grove....Adair Cramb, Mamie....Jefferson, Neb Cornmesser, J W....Sullivan Clemm, Gene Clinton....Carroll Chatfield, Christopher Otho....Macon Carlock, John Bruce....McLean, Ill Clark, Jennie....Ada, Id Crump, Daisy May....Sullivan Carrico, Mayme Rose....St Louis Christine, Lottie Hawks....St Louis Carpenter, Kate Hurt....Boone Carlyon, James Thos....Adair Cauthorn, Benj Franklin....Audrain Corken, Clara Nell....Nodaway Callison, Alma Edith....Adair Cheney, Minnie....Adair Calvert, Anville Kirby Smith....Clark Cody, Chas Leo....Adair Corken, Lida....Nodaway Clark, Annie....Ada, Id Calvert, O N....Clark Clark, Josie....Sullivan Cornmesser, Bertie Lean....Sullivan Cornmesser, Alma M....Sullivan Calvert, Sidney Everett....Clark Combs, Corn McFarland....Monroe Cain, Bertha....De Kalb Cox. Lucian Morrill....Macon Cox, Ida Caroline....Macon Cox, Ernest Vergil....Macon Carter, John L....Monroe Craghead, Clarence Lemuel....Calloway Cook, Joshua Leroy.....Adair Calvert, Cora Florence....Adair Carnahan, Adra Anna....Macon Carter, Isaac Bertram....Randolph Carter, Minnie Pearl....Randolph Costen, Maude...Worth (Page 20) 20 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. Carter, Etheylne Clare....Ralls Clark, Buford A....Washington, Kan Campbell, Alta L....Knox Carpenter, Geo W....Kalb Collins, Bash....Adair Collins, Thos....Adair D Donnelly, Delie....Clark Deverney, Annie....Knox Dorian, Charlie Henry....Knox Dorsey, Elbert Milton....Clark Dodson, Alcada Franklin....Adair Deyerle, Nettie Georgia....De Kalb Donnelly, Annie Eliza....Clark Delaney, Grundy Poole....Monroe DeLaney, Ruby....Monroe Dickson, Arthur Wm....Putnam Dowell, Jimmie Craig....Monroe Downing, Clyde....Sullivan Davison, Callie Jane....Adair Duffield, Ray G....Linn Dickson, Charlie Edwards....Putnam Day, Rubie Vera....Randolph Dance, Geo Nelse....Lewis Day, Ina....Adair Downing, Susan Caroline....Knox Downing, S Carrie....Knox Daniel, Jos Allen....Shelby Daniel, Will Oliver....Shelby Dodson, Lottie....Knox Diehl, Maggie Anna....Adair Daly, Teresa Honora....Adair Duty, Mamie Eloise....Clark Duty, Mabel Gray....Clark Dockery, Leota Lillian....Adair Dodson, Winnie Janie....Adair DeTienne, John Antoyne....Audrain Diehl, Jacob....Adair Diehl, Cassie....Adair Doneghy, Robt....Adair Douglas, Eva May....Adair Dodson, Chas Linard....Adair Dodson, Lena Pearl....Adair Dougherty, Jos Calton....Randolph Dobson, Annie Pauline....Adair Dodson, James Raymond....Adair Draper, Lawrence Lewis....Sullivan Dodson, Fannie Jaunita Clair....Adair Dobson, Walter....Adair Derfler, M E....Adair Drace, W S....Chariton Douglas, Pearl....Adair Douglas, Ernest....Knox E Evans, Ella....Nodaway Erwin, Alice Florence....Texas Ewart, Claude Herbert....Lewis Eaton, Cassius Vincent....Shelby Evans, Thos Mason....Adair Evans, Ann....Macon Eyans, Margaret....Macon Eyans, Bertha....Macon Evans, John T....Macon Ely, Pearl....Monroe Evans. Mildred....Scotland Ellis, Lycurgus....De Kalb Ely, Anna Herley....Monroe Easley, Foster Ray....Macon Ellison, Mattie....Clark Earhart, Anna....Adair Eames, Jean Campbell....Clinton Easley, Hattie May....Adair Evans, Nellie....Adair F Ford, Rupert Harry....Montgomery Farmer, Ethel....Montgomery (Page 21) STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. 21 Fair, Eugene....Harrison Finnegan, Ida May....Ralls Fox, Martha Belie....Audrain Fountain, Forena Maude....Audrain Fait, Isaiah....Callaway Flanagan, Lula C....Adair Falk, Albert Wm....Clark Foster, Guyle Packard....Linn Fray, Mary Thomasine....Boone Forsythe, Daisy Jo....Adair Fountain, Eliza Beulah....Boone Farnsworth, Thos Wm....Ralls Floyd Nora Ann....Adair Foley, Minnie Ellen....Adair Finch, Jennie Bell....Adair Foncanon, Alice....Adair Fisher, Mis Florence....Adair Funk, Carrie Edna....Adair Fox, Thomas Wm....Audrain Floyd, Grace....Adair Fisher, Russell Henry....Ralls Finnegan, Retta....Ralls Foster C F....Mercer G Greenleaf, Brad....Clark Gregory, T J....Carroll Greene, Millie May....Boone Green, Aubrey Sweeny....Adair Glascock, Lute....Monroe Gallagher, David....Marion Gearhart, Blanche....Mercer Gearhart, Gussie....Mercer Griffin, Jay Walworth....Wright, Iowa Griffin, Alice Louise....Wright, Iowa Glenn, John Orlie....Rinngold, Iowa Guthrie, John W....Callaway Gooden, Wm....Marion Gooden, Josiah....Marion Gooden, Naomi....Marion Greene, Mary Lnlu....Boone Gibbons, Mabel Julia....Adair Gatley, Villa....Harrison Gooding, Lucy....Macon Goodwin, James Albert....Adair Griffin, Callie Louise....Adair Gildersleeve, Fred....Adair Gardner, R L....Wapello, Iowa Greenslate, Silas Victor....Adair Griffin, Nellie M....Adair Griggs, Reuben....Knox *Green, Bessie Mae Vesta....Adair Greiner, Ottie Minerva....Adair Gluck, Alice Melissa....Macon Goodrich, Fannie Alice....Putnam Goodson, Lulu....Nodaway Gwyer, H W....Macon H Hurd, Wm Fenton....Monroe Harris, J J....Sullivan Houghland; Joseph N....Shelby Hendricks, Davella....Monroe Harr, Forest DeWitt....Clark Hawkins, Geo Lorimer....Jefferson Huffman, Wm Landon....Buchanan Haywood, Lenola....Clark Hall, Frank....Knox Herryford, Chas A....Carroll Hill, Fred Milton....Knox Hayward, Joseph D....Putnam Hensley, Narcissa Susan....Callaway Heyd, Frank....Adair Hane, Dora B....Adair Hall. Harold Maurice....Adair Huffman, Hubert Harvey....Adair Houghland, Marion M....Shelby Hubler, Rolla A....Sullivan Harbert, Elma Leone....Adair Houghland, Flora....Shelby Heaton, Edgar D....Schuyler Hull, Marguerite Braxton....Monroe Holloway, Russell Edward....Audrain Harvey, Emma Geneva....Saline Hennon, Clyde Lee....Adair (Page 22) 22 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. Horton, Nellie Thornberry....Reno, Kan Horton, Birdie Olive....Reno, Kan Holland, Anna Bell....Macon Humphreys, Lulu Craig....Callaway Hall, Harry D....Monroe Hook, Myra....Harrison Hendrix, Frank Conn....Ralls Heiny, Marie Agnes....Adair Huffman, Mamie Angeline....Adair Helley, Olivia Mignonette....Franklin Heyd, Virginia M....Adair Howley, Della....Adair Heyd, Carrie....Adair Heyd. Jacob Wilhelm....Adair Hone, Dee....Knox. Hutcheson, Verna Leota....Adams, Ill Holloway, Walter....Adair Harrington, Martha Althea Garnett....Adair Hartman, Harriet B....Macon Howe, Ollie....Shelby Howlett, Anna L....St. Louis Heiny, John D....Adair Haller, Emmor James....Adair Hanna, Evans A....Nodaway Halliburton, Zula....Randolph Hopewell, Lulu....Adair Hatcher, J W....Andrew I Ingold, Warren....Clark Ingold, Byron....Clark Ingold, Oscar....Clark Ivie, Emma Louisa....Adair Ivie, Wm Horace....Adair Imbler, Louis James....Adair Imbler, Thos Warren....Adair Imbler, Henry Daniel....Adair Ingram, Marie Elizabeth....Cass J Jessee, Elmer Victor....Linn Johns, Cloe....Sullivan Jonagan, Charles Hainey....Worth Jones, William E....Macon Johnson, Elmer A....Adair Jones, Claude Matthew....Boone Jones, Martha Lee....Boone Jones, Espey C....Boone Jones, Roxanna Howard....Sullivan Johnson, Louisa....Adair Jones, J. F....Chariton Jones, J. A....Grundy K Killion, William Parmer....Cass Kellogg, James Azor....Adair Kellogg, Ardie....Adair Keyte, Lena May....Adair Klinginsmith, Catharine....Putnam Kelso, Sophronia....Callaway Klinginsmith, Virginia....Putnam Kerr, Nelson....Platte Kistler, H. D....Henry Killgore, Mark....Adair King, Herbert....Davis, Ia L Luesing, Amelia Mary....Adair Long, John Henry....Sullivan Leake, F. Marion....Marion Linder, Byrd Monroe....Adair Law, Minnie Rose....Sullivan Law, Hannah Lenora....Sullivan Link, Eunice....Adair Langford, Lenna Lee....Clark Ludden, Frank....Adair Lyon, Winnette Belle....Adair La Frenz, William H....Clark Leach, Mory Etta....Adair Livesay, Bessie Merideth....Monroe Lemon, Sadie....Nodaway (Page 23) STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. 23 Link, Bessie Hannah...Adair Link, Luella Downing...Adair Lair, George F....Shelby Lorenz, Mayme Opal...Adair Lorenz, Alta Mona...Adair Lorenz, Bessie Eda...Adair Lewis, J. E...Mercer Lakin, Edgar Pierce...Clark Loftiss, Ada...Adair Lemon, Nellie June...Nodaway Loftliss, Dessie Rossetta...Adair Loomis, Wesley H...Macon Lyon, Holmes...Knox Long, Emma...Adair Langford, John L...Clark Livesay, Wm. Ezra...Putnam London, Jessamine Daisy...Macon M Meredith, Aura...Knox Minton, Wm. Henry...Holt Musick, Hazel Camille...Adair Meehan, Desiderius Wm...Lewis Markland, Rollie Varnon...Howard Martin, Clara E...Clark Mayhugh, Linda...Chariton McKay, Elmer Alexander...Knox Morelock, Jo...Adair Morelock, Daisy...Adair Morelock, W. R...Adair Morelock, Earl...Adair Morelock, Gertrude...Adair McKay, Charlie Francis...Knox Motter, Clyde Clarence...Adair Mills, Myra..Adair Mills, Carrie...Adair Miller, Cora Ann...Adair Morlan, S. E...Sullivan Morrow, Marie...Adair Moorman, Julias Clay...De Kalb Marksbury, Thomas B...Marion Minton, Zoe...Holt McClure, Wm. Thos...Daviess McClain, Ella...Lewis Mikel, Eva Adelma...Schuyler Mullins, Virginia A...Linn McKinney, Clara E...Mercer Minor, Jacob Vinson...Randolph Minton, David Hampton...Holt Mitchell, Thos. Mortimoie...Randolph Miller, Mary Jeanetta...Scotland Martin, Everette D...Adair Morris, Bertha Winnie...Atchison Meals, Olga...Monroe Miller, Casper W...Schuyler Means, Roderick Orlando...De Kalb Morris, Susan Elizabeth...New Ponca, Ok Millay, Ada...Sullivan McReynolds, Hugh J...Macon McReynolds, Chas. Frank...Macon McQuoid, Essie Ada...Scotland McKissick, Minnie Jane...Clinton McKissick, Anna...Clinton McClannahan, Katha C...Adair McLaughlin, Nell...Linn McIntyre, Darius Francis...Adair McWilliams, Anna...Lewis McClannahan, John Newton...Wayne, Ia Matthew, David Wm...Sullivan Mairs, Edgar Joseph...Sullivan Markey, Minnie Aildeen...Adair Markey, Edward...Adair McKenzie, Clara Melvin...Chariton McCune, Wilbert....Randolph McKim, Joe....Knox McCue, Jesse Car...Shelby Morris, Thomas Andrew...Sullivan Mason, Lee Othel...Macon Martin, Stella May...Marion Murrell, Fred Emmett...Schuyler Morgan, Fred Buckner...Monroe Mullins, Wm. Sherman...Putnam Means, Sophia....De Kalb Mixon, Fred Lamont...Adair McAllister, Wm. Walter...Adair Mitchell, Wm. Arthur...Adair McGee, Frank Lee...Audrain McReynolds, Bessie...Knox McDowell, Zoa Lee...Adair (Page 24) 24 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. Mairs, John Roy...Sullivan Meals, Mrs. Susie Dulacy...Randolph Miller, Clara...Schuyler Miller, Mable...Schuyler May, Helen...Adair Mullins, Jennie...Linn McCall, Conna Vera...Adair McMurray, Anna B...Adair McMillan, Will...Sullivan McIntyre, James Robert...Adair McGraw, Cora...Adair N Novinger, Maud Ellen...Adair Newcomb, Marion Katherine...Adair Nesbit, Pollie Ethel...Adair Novinger, Loreen Blanche...Adair Noble, Maud...Scotland Nicholas, Lallah Myrtle...Nodaway Nichols, Cassie Lillian...Adair Novinger, Solomon...Adair. Noblitt, M. Puriel...Macon Norris, Lee Hickman...Knox Northcutt, Jen Ray...Knox Newcomb, Harry Warren...Adair Newberry, Olin Gram...Lee, Ia Nelson, Harriette Augusta...Blue Earth, Minn Novinger, Emmanuel...Adair Northcutt, May Emogene...Knox Nair, Maudena Minerva...Schuyler Nickell, Luther Ove...Monroe Noble, Luella...Scotland O Ownbey, Emma...Adair Owen, Herbert Neill...Mercer Owings, Ola Belle...Macon Oberg, Charles...De Kalb Overfelt, James Berry...Monroe Omer, Puss...Adair Overstreet, Benj. Franklih...Sullivan P Porter, Lida...Lewis Pulliam, Marie E...Lewis Powell, Lyda E...Audrain Pauly, George Wash...Adair Pauly, Lona Ethel...Adair Petree, Letta Elvira...Adair Porter, Mary Elizabeth...Adair Porter, Julia Louise...Adair Parvin, Sam Roy...Harvey, Kans Parrish, Samuel...Putnam Porter, Laura Willis...Adair Powell, Ollie...Adair Powell, Arthur...Adair Passwaters, Henry Clay...Adair Pulliam, Eunice...Lewis Pennock, Crosby Brown...Philadelphia, Pa Pulis, Willie David...Audrain Parsons, Elizabeth...Knox Poole, Clara...Schuyler Powell, Ernest...Adair Price, Minnie Lula...Caldwell Pew, Emmet Knight...Montgomery Plumb, Rose M...Caldwell Purdin, May...Knox Pryor, Fanny A...Gentry Patton, Stephen Curtis...Randolph Petty, Lena Mabelle...Audrain Pemberton, Walker S...Howard Painter, Harry O...Clark Perrin, Nellie...Schuyler R Rhotehamel, Roland Harry...Darke, O Rudasill, Mary Lucy...Audrain Reesman, L. Opal...Adair Rodgers, Dot...Randolph Robinson, Frances...Randolph Rust, Lafaun Charles...Adams, Ill (Page 24a) (Page 24b) PHILOMATHEAN HALL. SENIOR HALL. ZETOSOPHIAN HALL. (Page 25) STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. 25 Reesman, Alta Leo...Adair Risdon, Audry Delos...Adair Ringo, Eugenia...Adair Reesman, Elmer Sam...Adair Ratliff, Forest Henderson...Adair Riley, William Ernest...Adair Rahe, Anna...Adair Richter, Golden June...Adair Rombauer, Emma Etelka...Adair Rombauer, Mathilde B...Adair Ryan, Margaret...Adair Ryon, Gertrude Delona...Adair Rodgers, Maybelle...Montgomery Roberts, Arthur...Adair Robison, Elmer...Macon Ray, Jessie...Atchison Rupe, Homer Hector...Adair Romjue, Alom Price...Macon Romjue, Milton Andrew...Macon Robison, Bert Lee...Putnam Ruggles, Clara Blanche...Monro Rodgers, Ethel Malinda...Sullivan Richard, Edwin...Mercer Reid, John Monroe...Williamson, Ill Rutherford, Earl Nicholas...Adair Rhoades, James Frank...Sullivan Ryals, Sallie Maude...Randolph Beavis, Essie Lee...Monroe Rice, Claude Sylvester...Montgomery Rose, Wm. Poller...Carroll Ringer, Charles Rufus...Knox Reesman, Burthel...Adair S Sears, Edward Nelson...Adair See, Kittie Nola...Monroe Spencer, Edward Arthur...Adair Sears, Maggie...Scotland Smoot, Isadore...Adair Stephenson, David Irvin...Adair Shain, William Edward...Adair Surbeck, Frank K...Macon Smith, Elbert Claude...Macon Sholly, Gertrude Hattie...Adair Swanson, Charles Otto...Schuyler Swanson, Arthur Malcolm...Schuyler Spangler, Homer...Adair Smith, Georgia Mae...Adair Sweet, E. B...Adair Springer, Margret Elizabeth...Decatur, Ia Stringer, George Jefferson...Sullivan Smock, Allen Tolbert...Monroe Stone, Joe Clark...Shelby Sweeney, David Henry...Randolph Steiner, Wm. Louis...Franklin Smith, Albert...Macon Smith, Morris Allen...Mercer Smith, John William...Harrison Selby, Lola Pearle...Adair Stigall, Ernest Eugene...De Kalb Stevenson, Cora...St. Clair Smoot, Edward Marion...Shelby Somerville, Glen A...Sullivan Shoop, Nettie May...Adair Simmons, James...Schuyler Summers, Seth Ezra...Adair Shoop, Bertha Ellen...Adair Shoop, Raymond...Adair Sands, Louisa Effie...Adair Siler, Walter Orlando...Platte Sandry, William John...Adair Schmidt, Carl Stobernack...Adair Shoush, Mary Jewel...Adair Six, Pearl...Adair Sees, Retta...Adair Shanks, Marvin Scott...Scotland Sears, Mamie...Lewis Short, Vinnie Crum...Seattle, Wash Seymour, Olia Ethelyn...Boone Seymour, Chloe...Boone Seaton, Nellie A...Clinton Sanford, Susan Martha...Knox Sanford, Orin Grover...Knox Shantz, Rose Angell...Nemaha, Neb Severe, Eva Francis...Harrison Shaw, J. L...Randolph Sansberry, C. W...Audrain Sansberry, Perry Oliver...Audrain Seitz, Willie Kerlin...Adair Stigall, John B...Randolph Self, B. F...Macon Self, Eugene Frances...Macon (Page 26) 26 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. Smith, Narussie Anna...Putnam Somerville. Ella S...Sullivan Seitz, Enoch Berry...Adair Sears, Clara Elizabeth...Lewis Sense, John Manford...Knox Surbeck, Villa...Macon Spencer, Lizzie...Macon Smith, Arthur...Macon Smith, Harvey...Knox Sparling, Martha Elizabeth...Adair Sinnock, Della M...Macon Strah, John E...Clark Sims, Minnie Belle...Audrain Smith, Clarence Elmer....Mercer Smith, Rosa May...Monroe Stewart, Ethlyn Kate...Putnam Sutton, D. W...Sullivan Snow, L. A...Daviess Storm, Julia...Adair T Turner, James Harrison...Mo Tate, Charles Hardin...Sullivan Taylor, Wm. Robert...Callaway Thomas, Nannie M...Clinton Turner, Fannie Leona...Lewis Tyler, Maudie Lee...Adair Troxell, Nellie May...Sullivan Tucker. Bennie Riggs...Boone Toalson, Cynthia Gentry...Boone Taylor, Grace Letetia...Marion Taylor, Mattie Gayle...Marion Thomas, Nannie...Roscoe, Ia Thompson, Wallace H...Schuyler Taylor, Rosa Lucille...Adair Tyler, James Wm...Adair Thatcher, Emma Cabill...Adair Tedrick, Edna Muriel...Adair Turner, James Hornbuckle...Platte Tracy, Charles Fisher...Grundy Tobin, Lucia Helen...Knox Tisen, Charles Elvert...Monroe Taylor, Button Payne...Callaway Trowbridge, L...Adair U Urban, Fred Wagner...De Kalb Urban, Wm. Chris...De Kalb Updyke, Olva...Adair Utterback, Emmett L...Pike V Vestal, Nellie Effie...Adair Vaughn, Clarence Elmer...Adair Vantine, Edwin Russell...Monroe Van Buskirk, James Dale...Putnam W Walters, Henry Lee...Adair Walker, Osa Eliza...Davis, Ia Webber, Myrtle Louisa...Scotland Webber, Inez Althea...Scotland Williams, Walter Moore...Marion Williams, Pearl Cora...Monroe Wilkins, Emma...Linderville Williams, Nelson Oscar...Adair Whitelock, Clarence Wm...Shelby Wilson, John Ray...Lewis Wilson, James Clarence...Macon Willoughby, Lou Effie...Macon Wilhite, Robert S...Audrain White, Virginia Louise...Adair Wilkes, Lena...Adair Wilhite, Frank Vannatta...Worth Wilson, Estelle...Macon Walker, Cora Lee...Scotland Wilson, Susan Elizabeth...Schuyler Walker, Fannie E...Scotland Williams, Alma Y...Adair Wilson, J. H. St...Charles Warren, Ruby Beryle...Grundy Wetzel, Cordia...Daviess White, Jannette Richardson...Boone Wolf, John Fred...Schuyle (Page 27) STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. 27 White, Louis Albert...Howard Wright, Wm. Buehfleld...Sullivan Wittmer, Bessie Sussanne...Adair Willows, Mrs. Ninnie...Adair Williams, Julia...Montgomery Willoughby, W. Alva...Adair Whitacre, Ed...Adair Y Young, Mary Bertha...Schuyler Young, Clara Mae...Adair Young, Harvey Burton...Schuyler Z Zeigler, James Albert...Adair *Deceased. (Page 28) 28 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. PUPILS OF MODEL SCHOOL Attebery, Hugh Beatty, Byron Beatty, Mary Bledsoe, Earl Bolling, Berenice Bowman, Irene Bramblette, Belva Bramblette, Buford Bramblette, Lenore Bramblette, Mattie Bramblette, Otis Branscom, Jessie Brashear, Eugene Brown, Marcie Carothers, Carl Carothers, Edith Carothers, Ernest Coleman, Emmett Cornelius, Evans Cupp, Gail Davis, Erratt Diehl, Lillie Dobson, Britton Dodson, Bijou Dodson, Olva Doneghy, Dagmar Doneghy, Thomas Downing, Eva Dutcher, Marie Dutcher, Mary Earhart. Willie Eaton, Maggie Evans, Ira Forbes, Lorena Garrett, Arthur Garrison, Carrie Garrison, Ray Garrison, Roy Gingrich, Berenice Gingrich, Oliver Graham, Carl Grant, Richard Hale, Bessie Hamilton, Grant Harrington, Vera Hensley, Gertrude Hildreth, Ina Holton, Scott Hughes, Ella Landes, Orrin Lapsley, June Lyda, Alva Lynn, Harold Majors, Allen Mansfield, Bernard Martin, Howard Martin, Ruth McAlpin, Claude McAlpin, Vesta McCoy, Flossie Meeks, Earl Meeks, Hazel Miller, Dora Moyer, Beulah Ownby, Ben Parcell, Harry Parcell, Pauline Pfeffer, Otella Powell, Beulah Powell, Modjeska Proctor, Ruth Proctor, Heath Ransom, Ethel Ransom. Mabel Rich, Rettah Roberts, Cora Robbins, Benson Robbins, Randolph Ross, Clark Sandry, Bertha Sholly, Gus Sigler, Lena Sigler, Vane Smith, Cleva Smoot, Charley Sneed, Ula Sparling, Alfred Sparling, Frank Sparling, Mary Sparling, Leslie Sparling, Mabel Spencer, Ray Starr, Aura Starr, Lucille Stephens, Dee Tenant, Carl Tenant, Edna Tevebaugh, Hazel Tinsman, May Urech, Bonnie Weston, Mary Willows, Daisy (Page 29) STATE NORMAL SCHOOL; FIRST DISTRICT. 29 STUDENT TEACHERS IN THE MODEL SCHOOL. SENIOR CLASS. NAMES. Terms Exp'ri'nce in Model School. Months Exp'ir'nce in Taught. Obs'v'd. Other Schools. Ashlock, Cordie. 3 1 Baker, Gwyn. 4 1 Bowen, Pansy. 3 2 Buchanan, Cora. 3 0 27 Bragg, D. A. 3 1 Christine, Lottie. 3 1 Corken, Lida. 2 0 50 Crockett, Ellen. 4 1 De Tienne, J. A. 1 1 40 Eames, Jean. 3 1 Finegan, Ida May. 2 0 64 Gibbons, Mabel. 4 1 Goodwin, J. A. 1 1 27 Ingold, Oscar. 3 0 34 Ivie, Horace. 3 1 Link, Bessie. 4 1 Lorenz, Mayme. 6 1 McDowell, Lou. 5 0 16 Pauly, G. W. 2 1 36 Pauly, Lona. 1 1 14 Porter, Julia. 6 1 Ray, Jessie. 2 1 9 Sansberry, P. O. 1 1 16 Smith, Claude. 3 1 Stigall, J. B. 3 9 Surbeck, Frank. 3 1 Thomas, Nannie. 2 0 28 Turner, J. H. 2 0 48 SOPHOMORE CLASS. NAMES. Terms Exp'ri'nce in Model School. Months Exp'ir'nce in Taught. Obs'v'd. Other Schools. Alexander, W. P. 3 1 Anderson, Janie. 1 1 36 Baker, Amber. 2 1 30 Bohon, A. R. 1 1 24 Calvert, S. E. 3 1 21 Cauthorne, B. F. 3 1 Dodson, C. L. 3 1 Ely, Pearl. 3 1 Ellis, Lycurgus. 4 1 Fox, T. W. 3 1 9 Foster, G. D. 2 1 Hendricks, Davilla. 3 1 Hendrix, F. C. 1 1 32 Heyd, Frank. 3 1 Jessee, Elmer. 3 0 16 Livesay, Bessie. 3 1 La Frenz, W. H. 3 1 Morelock, Jo. 3 0 14 Morgan, F. B. 3 1 Motter, C. C. 3 1 Marksberry, Thos. 2 1 6 McKissick, Anna. 3 1 McKissick, Minnie. 4 1 Morlan, S. E. 1 1 29 Mairs, Roy. 1 0 9 Northcutt, Roy. 4 1 Nobbitt, Pearl. 3 1 Price, Minnie. 2 1 34 Rombauer, Elelka. 3 1 Rudasill, Lucy. 3 1 Robinson, Frances. 3 1 Seitz, Willie. 1 1 7 Surbeck, Villa. 3 1 Siler U. O. 2 1 14 Sears, Nelson. 3 1 Smith, Harvey. 3 1 Tracy, Charles. 3 1 Tyler, J. W. 3 1 28 Updyke, Olva. 3 1 Wolf, J. F. 2 0 23 Mitchell, T. M. 1 1 22 (Page 30) 30 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. STATISTICS, 1898-99. Summary. Ladies Gentlemen Total Enrollment..............374 365 739 Training School......... 56 47 103 Grand Total.............430 412 842 Graduates. Average age of Advanced Class..............................23 years Average age of Elementary Class, over......................22 years Number in the Elementary Class who will teach next year....92 per cent Number in the same class who will return to school......... 8 percent Occupations Represented. From the farm, over.............................71 per cent Mercantile pursuits, over....................... 8 per cent Professional, other than teaching, over......... 9 per cent Mechanics, over................................. 8 per cent All others...................................... 9 per cent Locality. Number of counties in First Normal District............... 44 Number of counties in the district represented............ 40 Number of counties outside of the district represented..... 6 Total number of counties represented...................... 46 Number of students from Missouri..........................701 Number of students from other states...................... 86 Number from other states pledged to teach in Missouri..... 86 Total number pledged to teach in Missouri.................789 Miscellaneous. Total enrollment of school............................................... 842 Number who defray their own expenses...................................... 59 per cent Number who have taught before entering.................................... 41 per cent Total number who have attended a normal school prior to this session...... 89 per cent Total number in attendance half the year or more.......................... 81 per cent Total number of months taught in public schools before entering Normal...4505 Average number of months taught by each student............................ 6 Entered and Graduated. Total number of different students enrolled........... 9534 Total number of alumni................................. 444 Total number of graduates In the Elementary course..... 933 Total number of graduates in all the courses.......... 1620 (Page 31) STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. 31 Counties in the District Represented. Atchison, Audrain, Andrew, Adair, Boone, Buchanan, Chariton, Clark, Callaway, Caldwell, Carroll, Clinton, Daviess, DeKalb, Grundy, Gentry, Holt, Harrison, Howard, Knox, Lewis, Linn, Montgomery, Monroe, Macon, Marion, Mercer, Nodaway, Putnam, Pike, Platte, Randolph, Ray, Ralls, St. Charles, Schuyler, Scotland, Shelby, Sullivan, Worth. Counties Represented That Are Not in the District. Cass, Franklin, Jefferson, Lawrence, St. Louis, St. Clair, Saline, Texas. States Represented. Colorado, Iowa, Missouri, Texas, Idaho, Kansas, Nebraska, Virginia, Illinois, Minnesota, Ohio. Attendance in Normal Department Since Organization. YEARS. PUPILS. 1868-First year. 140 1869-Second year. 203 1870-Third Year. 303 1871-Fourth year. 321 1872-Fifth year. 434 1873-Sixth year. 470 1874-Seventh year. 668 1875-Eighth year. 709 1876-Ninth year. 627 1877-Tenth year. 592 1878-Eleventh year. 534 1879-Twelfth year. 468 1880-Thirteenth year. 513 1881-Fourteenth year. 492 1882-Fifteenth year. 481 1883-Sixteenth year. 446 1884-Seventeenth year. 501 1885-Eighteenth year. 475 1886-Nineteenth year. 405 1887-Twentieth year. 421 1888-Twenty-first year. 490 1889-Twenty-second year. 505 1890-Twenty-third year. 520 1891-Twenty-fourth year. 560 1892-Twenty-fifth year. 596 1893-Twenty-sixth year. 606 1894-Twenty-seventh year. 562 1895-Twenty-eighth year. 620 1896-Twenty-ninth year. 623 1897-Thirtieth year. 719 1898-Thirty-first year. 737 1899-Thirty-second year. 739 (Page 32) 32 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. ALUMNI OF MISSOURI STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. FIRST DISTRICT. OFFICERS. E. C. LINK, President. A. H. SMITH, Vice-President. ADA HARLAN, Treasurer. DOLLIE FONCANNON, Secretary. POST-GRADUATES-DEGREE, MASTER OF SCIENTIFIC DIDACTICS. Conferred June, 1894. *Davis, O. P. Conferred June, 1875. *Coleman, W. E. Doyle, W. N. Daughters, C. B. Stevens, J. C. Conferred June, 1876. Barnard, J. U. Baker, W. H. Bigger, C. W. Cloyd, Thomas White, J. M. Conferred June, 1878. Chandler, J. E. Oldham, Ada C. Thomas, C. W. Conferred June, 1879. Burton, Jennie Cullison, O W. Dunnegan (Carothers), Ella Carrington, W. T. Henry, N. B. Henry (Thompson), Maggie Hollipeter, E. E. Iles, R. S. Orr, A. R. Vaugh, W.H. Conferred June, 1880. Barton, John Bosworth (Lester), Julia Hall, Manlove Kirk, J. R. Murdy (Phelps), Lowa Primm, F. P. Sublette, Thos. E. Thomas (Gilstrap), Serelda Conferred June, 1881. Dooly, J. C. *Ellis, S. D. Ebaugh, C. L. McGarry, H. *Polley, C. M. Smith, G. A. Conferred June, 1882. Carroll, A. B. Guttery, J. A. McGhee, J. S. Matlick, I. N. Scheurer (Northrup) Flo. Herren (Wright), Duke E. Tipton, W. E. Warner, A. B. (Page 32a) (Page 32b) PHYSICAL LABORATORY. CORRIDOR. CHEMICAL LABORATORY. (Page 33) STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. 33 Conferred June, 1883. Cox, T. S. Foster, C. F. Hollaway, W. R. Corley (Sharp), Lulu Conferred June, 1884. Anderson, W. B. Baldwin, Olivia Conway, S. A. Guthrie, F. W. Riggle, Charles Steele, R. R. Conferred June, 1885. Baldwin, Cora Sturges, Selden Conferred June, 1888. Long, H. C. Conferred June, 1889. Nelson, Aven Conferred June, 1892. Grove, Wm. D. Prewitt, Mary Trimble Swanger, F. A. Conferred June, 1893. Bell, Adaline Hannah, Frank Wisdom Pumphrey, Marguerite (Mrs. Smith) Payne, Walter H. Trimble, Louise M. Whiteford, John Conferred June, 1894. Arnold, R. B. Bowen, C. W. (Mrs. Lobban) Gentry, Fannie. Conferred June, 1896. Brashear, Minnie. Riggs, W. L. Grove, J. H. Koontz, J. H. Conferred June, 1897. Mackoy, Fannie K. Watson, Sophia C. Conferred June, 1899. Wharton, Z. Fletcher (Page 34) 34 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. GRADUATES-DEGREE, BACHELOR OF SCIENSIFIC DIDACTICS. Class of 1872. Doyle. W. N., President Oak Lawn College. Novelty, Missouri *Davis, O. P. Drake. W. F. Mound City, Missour Matlick, I. N. Yreka, California *Stine, Vincent. Smith, J. T., Lawyer. Livingston, Montana Sturges, Selden. San Francisco, California Stevens, J. C., Merchandise. Shenandoah, Iowa Class of 1873. Bigger, C. W. Lawyer. Tarkio, Missouri *Coleman, W. E. Daughters, C. B. Class of 1874. Baker, W. H., Teacher. Los Angeles, California Barnard, J. U., Principal Webster School. Kansas City, Missouri Cullison, G. W., Lawyer. Harlan, Iowa Cloyd, Thomas. Chatam, Illinois Forsythe, Sue (Mrs Eaton). Shelbyville, Missouri Halliburton. Helen M. (Mrs. McReynolds). Carthage, Missouri Lester, Julia (Mrs. Bosworth) State Lecturer of W.C. T. U. of Missouri. Kirksville, Missouri *Thompson, Emma (Mrs. Hannah) White, J. M., Teacher University of Missouri. Columbia, Missouri Class of 1875. Bradley, J. R. Seattle, Washington Burton, Jennie, Teacher. Anaheim, California Hardin, B. T. Kansas City, Missouri Iles, R. S., Lawyer. 1916 New Opera House, Chicago. Missouri *Jamison, A. H. McGhee, J. S., President State Normal School. Cape Girardeau, Missouri McPhail, J. S., Teacher. Visalia, California Orr, A. R., Teacher. Visalia, California Primm, F. P., Lawyer. Redding, California Roe, Lizzie (Mrs. Carpenter). College City, California Thomas, C. W., Lawyer. Woodland, California Westcott, Alta R. (Mrs. McLaury). Portlandville, New York Class of 1876. Barton, John. Marionville, Missouri *Deceased. (Page 35) STATE FORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. 35 Chandler, J. F., Principal Franklin Grammar School. 977 Seventh-Avenue, Oakland, California Callaway, Sallie O. (Mrs. Larkins). Visalia, California Carrington, W. T., State Supt. Public Schools. Jefferson City, Missouri Ferrill, W. B., on staff of Denver Republic, and Special Correspondent of New New and St. Louis dailies. P. O. Box 2821, Denver, Colorado Henry, N. B., President Methodist Collegiate Institute. Caledonia, Missouri Harpham, E. S. Larkins, E. O., Lawyer. Visalia, California Oldham, Ada C. Jefferson City, Missouri Phelps, Lowa (Mrs. Murdy), Teacher. ---, Iowa Rutherford, H. C., Livery business. Moberly, Missouri *Smoot, Minnie. Thompson, O. M. Fresno, California Thompson, Lucretia (Mrs. Henry). Caledonia, Missouri Class of 1877, Carothers, Ella (Mrs. Dunnegan). Bolivar, Missouri Cumberlan, Irene Gilstrap, Serelda (Mrs. C. W. Thomas), Lawyer. Woodland, California Hollipeter, E. E., Physician. San Francisco, California Oldham, W. D., Lawyer. Kearney, Nebraska Seward, R. V. Vaughn, W. H., Teacher. St. Louis, Missouri Walker, E. H., Teacher. Livermore, California Class of 1878. Baldwin, Anna (Mrs. G. W. Sublette). 2716 First Avenue, South Minneapolis, Minnesota Dooly, J. C., Merchandise. Des Moines, Iowa *Ellis, S. D. Ebaugh, Charles L., Department of the Interior, General Land Office. Third Street N. E. Washington, D. C. *Fink, H. A. Hubbell, Rebecca E. Ukiah, California Hall, Manlove. Kirk, J. R., President State Normal. Kirksville, Missouri McGarry, H. Canton, Kansas *Polly, C. M. Sublette, G. W., Civil Engineer. Minneapolis, Minnesota Sublette, Thomas E., Editor Graphic. Kirksville, Missouri Class of 1879. Baker, W. B., Teacher. College City, California Baldwin, Cora B. (Mrs. Hastan). Ukiah, California Daman, A. O., Teacher. Artesia, California *Deceased. (Page 36) 36 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. Greene, Addie M. (Mrs. Britton). 178 West 97th St., New York City Knox, Rice, Physician. Frost, Texas Oldham, R, E., Teacher. Jefferson City, Missouri Perham, C. P . Santa Ana, California Smith, G. A., Teacher. Chillicothe, Missouri Warner, A. B., Superintendent of City Schools. Harlan, Iowa Wharton, Z. F., Attorney. Dixon, California Class of 1880. Atterbury. I. F. Johannesburg, South Africa Baldwin, Olivia A., Missionary. Billspar, India Carroll, N. B., Superintendent of City Schools. Salina, Kansas Foster, C. E. Guttery, J. A. Del Norte, Colorado Herbert, T. L., Teacher. Peuryn, California Johnson, H. Linneus, Missouri Northrup, Flora (Mrs. Scheurer). Long Beach, California *Soper, S. H. Tipton, W. E., Lawyer. Duluth, Minnesota Wright, Edmonia D. (Mrs. Herren). La Plata, Missouri Class of 1881. Anderson, W. B., Teacher Mathematics in High School. St. Louis, Missouri Cox, T. S. Greenwood, Ada M. (Mrs. McLaughlin). Pekin, Illinois Hatch, E. H., Union National Bank. Chicago, Illinois Holloway, W. R., County Clerk. Kirksville, Missouri Link, W. F., Doctor. Knoxville, Tennessee Louden, R. B., Manufacturer. Fairfield, Iowa Mitchell, L. S., with St. Louis Trust Co. St. Louis, Missouri Sallee, R. F., Real Estate and Law. Los Angeles, California Sayer, D. D. Pierre, South Dakota Sharp, Lulu B. (Mrs. Corley). Bremond, Texas Class of 1882, Allison, J, O., Lawyer. New London, Missouri Bagg, Nellie (Mrs. Glaize). Manon, Indiana Conway, S. A. Smithville, Missouri Frankland, Ida. Kirksville, Missouri Guthrie, F. W., Teacher. Rivera, California Holloway, J. L., Superintendent of City Schools. Fort Smith, Arkansas Jones, J. W., Teacher. Unionville, Missouri Riggle, C., Teacher. Alki, Washington Steele, R. R., Teacher. Kansas City, Missouri Class of 1883. Erwin, J. S. Galveston, Texas *Deceased. (Page 37) STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT 37 Dysart, Annie, Teacher...Matamoras, Mexico. Nelson, Aven, Wyoming University...Wyoming Owen, L. I. (Mrs. Mitchell)...St. Louis, Missouri. Pemberton, J. N., Teacher...Tucson, Arizona. Prewitt, Mary T., Assistant Teacher Mathematics, Normal School...Kirksville, Missouri. Spencer, Lottie (Mrs. O'Neil)...Bloomfield, Missouri. Class of 1884. Barrow, R. w., Lawyer...Macon City, Missouri. Brown, J. D., Agent...Kirksville, Missouri. Carroll, B. F., State Senator...Bloomfield, Iowa. Crookshanks, S. A., Teacher and Co. Supt. Schools...Visalia, California. Davis, Miriam (Mrs. Mitchell)...Mound City, Missouri. Griffith, Mary, Teacher...Webster Grove, Missouri. Grove, J. H., Mathematics in Howard Payne College...Brownwood, Texas. Holiday, J. F., Superintendent of Public Schools...Allerton, Iowa. Johnston, R. E., Teacher...Visalia, California. Long, H. C., Real Estate...Grand Junction, California. Miller, W. H., Surveyor and Teacher...Rome, Kansas. Miller, Libbie K. (Mrs. Traverse)...Bloomfield, Iowa. Randall, Carrie (Mrs. Thwing)...Gutherie, Oklahoma. Shain, H. B., Merchant...Indiana. Sharp, Mamie (Mrs. Simpson)...Ferguson, Missouri. Swanger, F. A. Supt. Schools...Park City, Utah. Willard, Nettie (Mrs. Hovey)...Kansas City, Missouri. Class of 1885. Arnold, R. B., Student of Osteopathy...Kirksville, Missouri. Barnard, R. E., Teacher...Monette, Missouri. Boyd, N. M., Teacher...Milan, Missouri. Childress, C. C., Teacher...Hanford, California. Dinsmoor, Silas, Student of Osteopathy...Kirksville, Missouri. Griffith, W. W., Tutor Missouri University...Columbia, Missouri. Groves, W. D., Superintendent City Schools...Tarkio, Missouri. Howell, Mary (Mrs. Finnegan)...New London, Missouri. Link, Allie (Mrs. Whitacre)...Kirksville, Missouri. Mithell, O. M., Citizens' National Bank...Kansas City, Missouri. Patterson, F. M. Superintendent City Schools...Ashland, Missouri. Riggs, Fannie (Mrs. Long)...Grand Junction, California. Roberts, Ison, President Middle Grove College...Middle Grove, Missouri. Steele, J. J., Bookkeeper...Los Gatos, California. Class of 1886. Bradley, S. P., Teacher...Springfield, Missouri. Bradsher, A. J., Physician...Clifton Hill, Missouri. (Page 38) 38 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. Brummett, J. J., Real Estate. Ogden, Utah Edwards, Jennie, Teacher. Troy, Missouri Evans, Ella, Teacher. Hamilton, Missouri Funk, Kate (Mrs. Simpson), Assistant Superintendent of City Schools. Deer Lodge, Montana Garrett, Nannie. Graer, Fannie (Mrs. J. W. Martin). Kansas City, Missouri Holiday, G. M. Clinton, Missouri Johnson, Etta L. (Mrs. Kiggins), Teacher. Boise City, Idaho Kennedy, A. E., Superintendent of Schools. Alvord, Texas Kiggins, C. M., Superintendent of City Schools. Boise City, Idaho Northcutt, May L. (Mrs. Locke). Laddonia, Missouri Phipps, L. M., Lawyer. Grant City, Missouri Porter, Stacey G. (Mrs. Miller). Pennsylvania Porter, W. T., Lawyer. Fresno, California Pratt, A. L., Circuit Clerk Linn County. Linneus, Missouri Pratt, J, F., County Commissioner. Salisbury, Missouri *Price, I. A. Pulliam, J. A., Lawyer. Rico, Colorado Sanford, Paul, Physician. Grafton, Colorado Simpson, J. M., Superintent of City School. Deer Lodge, Montana Smith. Minnie, (Mrs Fowler). Kirksville, Missouri Updyke, T. J., Teacher. Sanger, California Watson, J. J., Lawyer. Lee County, Iowa Wilson, J. D., Principal High School. Sedalia, Missouri Class of 1887. Bellamy, G., Circuit Clerk. Montgomery City, Missouri Bell, Adaline, Physician. Paris, Kentucky Cornelius, Charles, Student Osteopathy. Kirksville, Missouri Chambliss, Mollie, Teacher. Edwards, W. B. Fulton, Missouri Erickson, Andrew, Superintendent City Schools. Canon City, Colorado Fisher, G, W., Principal High School. Maryville, Missouri Funk, Georgia (Mrs. Myers). Gower, Missouri Funk, Ella. Kirksville, Missouri Hannah, Mattie (Mrs. Humphreys). Gault, Missouri Humphreys, U. G., Merchandise. Gault, Missouri Holiday, A. L., Teacher. Brighton, Iowa Holloway, W. L., Lawyer. Bozeman, Montana Jamison, G E., Teacher. 387 Knot St., Portland, Oregon Key, Nannie (Mrs. Dufur), Doctor. Kirksville, Missouri Link, Eugene C., First International Bank. Kirksville, Missouri Luckey, E. D., Principal Elleardville School. St. Louis, Missouri McCoy, C. K., Doctor. Iowa *Deceased. (Page 39) STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. 39 Nason, Geo. F., Minister. Franklin, Kentucky Pumphrey, Marguerite (Mrs. Smith). Bay City, Arkansas Plumb, Bell. Payne, Walter A. Chicago University. Chicago, Illinois Rolofson, Ella, Teacher. Ferguson, Missouri Seals, Laura, Teacher. Webster City, Iowa *Tompsom, Ida (Mrs. Price). Class of 1888. Barnett, E. E. Principal of City Schools. Miami, Missouri Bruce, H. S., Superintendent of City Schools. Bolivar, Missouri Chancellor, Mollie, Teacher. Pueblo, Colorado Cooley , E. L., Teacher in Barnes Medical. College. St Louis, Missouri Funk, Lisse, Teacher. Kirksville, Missouri Funk, George R. Portland, Oregon Gex, Sallie (Mrs. Roberts). Oregon, Missouri Harvey, H. C., Mathematics, --- College. Richmond, Missouri McCall, Morgan H., Civil Engineer. Plevna, Missouri Mackoy, Fannie, Teacher. Sperry, Missouri McKenzie, A. L. Doctor. Patterson, Lulu, Teacher. Pacific, Missouri Patterson, Marie W., Teacher. Memphis, Missouri Roberts, D. L., Principal of High School. Oregon, Missouri Risdon, Prudie (Mrs. Tillery), Teacher. Columbia, Missouri Reed, Mollie (Mrs. Cooley). St. Louis, Missouri Reed, Minnie. Carthage, Missouri Snodgrass, S. M., Superintendent of Schools. Walker, Missouri Smith, Alma (Mrs. J. B. Dodson), Lawyer. Springfield, Missouri *Stone, Pauline C. R.(Mrs. Rozelle). St. Louis, Missouri White, Eva, Teacher. Maynard, Iowa Class of 1889. Ellison, Isabel (Mrs. Vinsonhaler). Omaha, Nebraska Eiring, Wm., Teacher. Salisbury, Missouri Heald, Fannie, Teacher. Carrollton, Missouri Haman, C. W., Editor Santa Clara Journal. Santa Clara, California Hannah, Frank, Physician. St. Louis, Missouri Hubbard, E. T., Superintendent City Schools. Richmond, Missouri Nolan, Genie, Teacher. Paris, Missouri Owen, George H., Dentist. St. Louis, Missouai Patterson, Lucy (Mrs. Motter). Chicago, Illinois Riggs, W. L. Doctor. Des Moines, Iowa Woods, Ella, Teacher. Paris, Missouri Walters, W. W., Principal High School. Carthage, Missouri *Deceased (Page 40) 40 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. Class of 1890. Aldridge, J. T., Mathematics in Baptist College. LaGrange, Missouri Ammerman, Emma, Teacher. Hopkins, Missouri Bowen, C. W., Editor Columbian Osteopath. Kirksville, Missouri Ellison, Julia B. (Mrs. Hill). Kansas City, Missouri Eiring, Charles, Teacher. Salisbury, Missouri Gentry, Fannie (Mrs. Lobban). San Antonio, Texas Greenleaf, Sue, Literary Work. Box 207, E. 1st St. Ft. Worth, Texas Gex, George, Teacher. Strother, Missouri Heald, Nina (Mrs. McClure). O'Fallon, Missouri Harvey, Lizzie, Teacher. Lawson, Missouri Poe, Emma, Teacher. Plattsburg, Missouri Richmond, Adelia, Teacher. Grand Junction, Colorado Trimble, Louise M., Teacher. Louisiana Whiteford, John, Superintendent Schools. Moberly, Missouri Watson, Emily, Teacher. Dardenne, Missouri Class of 1891. Burton, Geo. Finley, Minister. Conrad Grove, Iowa Doyle, E. O., County Commissioner. Randolph, Missouri Guthrie, C. P., Teacher. Hardin, Missouri Green, Jennie, Teacher. Lathrop, Missouri Gerard, Mary, Principal of High School. Shelbina, Missouri Hennon, J, C., Superintendent City School. Odessa, Missouri Hammond, Kate, Teacher. White's Store, Missouri Heald, Lillian H. (Mrs. Richmond). Missouri Heiny, Blanche, Teacher. Kirksville, Missouri Muir, W. A., Superintendent City Schools. Centralia, Missouri Patterson, Rosa (Mrs. West). Kirksville, Missouri Petree, J. E., Teacher. Missouri. Ross, Allie (Mrs. Suggett). Kirksville, Missouri Stafford, Ida (Mrs. Geo. F. Burton). Conrad Grove. Iowa Savage, C. A., Principal of Schools. Pattonsburg, Missouri Class of 1892. Allen, Catherine Allen, Teacher. Danville, Iowa Brashear, Minnie. Kirksville, Missouri Bowen, Ruby Dorothy, Teacher. Kirksville, Missouri Cole, Jennie E., Teacher. Eberts, Robert Lee, Merchandise. Plattsburg, Missouri Evans, Nellie Matilda, Teacher. Lancaster, Missouri Hays, Thomas Alonzo, Superintendent City Schools. Ashland, Oregon Hubbard, Cassandra Emma, Teacher. Kirksville, Missouri Jones, Evan Richard, Superintendent City Schools. Vandalia, Missouri McCall, Mattie May, Teacher. Plevna, Missouri Petree, Louis Edward, Student of Leland Stanford, Jr., University. ---, California (Page 40a) (Page 40b) LAKE IN CAMPUS. (Page 41) STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. 41 Radford. Geo. Arthur, Merchant. St, Louis, Missouri Stigall, Oliver, Superintendent of Schools. Chillicothe, Missouri *Smith, Caddie. Smith, Lundy Byron, Physician. Shultz, Lida Athleen, Teacher. Kirksville, Missouri Van Horne, Ellen Eliza, Teacher. Trenton, Missouri Watson, Sophia Campbell, Teacher. St. Charles, Missouri Western, Anna Stafford, Teacher. Tulip, Missouri Class of 1893. Bagg, Charles, Lawyer. Kirksville, Missouri Baird, Della . Kirksville, Missouri Bond, L. Alice (Mrs. Christie), Teacher. Oregon, Missouri Blocher, Clarence Alva, Teacher. Park City, Utah *Crawford, Margaret. Davis, Allie, Teacher. Kirksville, Missouri DeWitt, Mae (Mrs. Hamilton). Kirksville, Missouri DeWitt, Martha, Teacher. Antioch, California Fee, Emelihe, Teacher. Ginnings, Meade, Student Missouri University. Columbia, Missouri Guthrie, Benjamin F. Harrington. Mamie (Mrs. Schwartz). Chicago, Illinois Jeffers, Ruth. Boston. Massachusetts Koontz, James Alva. Albion, Idaho Murphy, Chas., Teacher. 404 Turk St., San Francisco, California Musick, John R., Author. Kirksville, Missouri Marr, John Davis. Principal of High School. Plattsburg, Missouri Nelson, Camille, Doctor. Patterson, Henry E., Physician. Washington, D. C. Paul, Calvin H., Teacher. Brashear, Missouri Ronald, J. T., Lawyer. Seattle, Washington Ringo, Althea. Kirksville, Missouri Class of 1894. Atterberry, Geo. Washington, Principal of Schools. New Market, Missouri Blair, Hubbard, Teacher. Kirksville, Missouri Batchelar, Wm. T., Principal of Schools. Grand Island, Nebraska Burk, Mary Porter. Teacher. Trenton, Missouri Downing, Alice Elzira, Teacher. Trenton, Missouri Duffie, Warren Mitchell, Doctor. Eller, William Samuel, Teacher. Lathrop, Missouri Edelen, Lena, Teacher. Lancaster, Missouri Freeland, Julia Emma, Teacher. LaBelle, Missouri Fisher, Mary Marguerite, Teacher. LaBelle, Missouri *Deceased. (Page 42) 42 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. Gordon, Benjamin Franklin, Teacher. Ubet, Montana Gore, Lina. Paris, Missouri Laughlin, George Mark, Student Osteopathy. Kirksville, Missouri Motter, Francis Marion, Student Missouri University. Columbia, Missouri Martin, Sadie, Teacher. Monroe City, Missouri Oliver, John Wilfley, Merchant. Hoover, Missouri Owen, Martha, Teacher. Kirksvile, Missouri Thompson, William Charles. Principal of Schools. Milan, Missouri Trowbridge, Lena Minerva, Teacher. Kirksville, Missouri Woods, Annie, Teacher. Moberly, Missouri Class of 1895. Alexander, Fred William. Moberly, Missouri Boyd, James Perry, Principal School. Madison, Missouri Craighead, Thomas Austin, Teacher. Fulton, Missouri Drinkard, Enoch Marvin, Teacher. Goodman, Texas Dillman, Samuel Rodgers. Minister. Gibbs, Missouri Dowell, Alva Erastus, Principal School. Salem, Missouri Foncannon, Dorothea Caroline, Teacher. Kirksville, Missouri Grim, Ezra Clarence, Medical College. St. Louis, Missouri Hatcher, Jessie Bird, Teacher. Pocatello, Idaho Hawkins, Katie Bell. Teacher. La Plata, Missouri Hill, Anna C. (Mrs. Wright), Teacher. Salt Lake, Utah Ingold, Louis, Principal of Schools. Wright City, Missouri McKay, Lyda, Teacher. Knox City, Missouri Miller, Frances, Teacher. Kahoka, Missouri Maddox, Joe Shelby, Student M, S. U. Columbia, Missouri McGee, James Thomas, Principal Schools. Knox, Missouri Nolen, John Henry, Editor. LaGrange, Missouri Owen, Maud, Teacher. Clinton, Missouri Owen, Fred Benjamin, Superintendent Schools. Clinton, Missouri Phillips, Gertrude, Teacher. Lakenan, Missouri Storm, Lena Lucile, Teacher. Kirksville, Missouri Veatch, Ambrose Dudley, Minister. Canton, Missouri Wardner, Julia Alberta, Teacher. Kansas City, Missouri Class of 1896. Buckner, Frank, Teacher. Paris, Missouri Brashear, Ida, Teacher. Kirksville, Missouri Carothers, Manville. Kirksville, Missouri Dodson, Jennie, Teacher. Salt Lake, Utah Furtney, Maggie, Teacher. Trenton, Missouri Harmah, August, Principal Schools. Green City, Missouri Huffman, Edward E., Principal Schools. Bolckow, Missouri Higgins, Homer A., Principal School. Kahoka, Missouri Hook, J. A., Student M. S. U. Columbia, Missouri Lee, Arthur, Teacher. Clinton, Missouri (Page 43) STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. 43 Mennie, Mabel, Teacher. Macon, Missouri Novinger, George Byron, Superintendent Schools. Shoshone, Idaho Rex, Louise, Teacher. Kahoka, Missouri Ryals, Ledrew Esper, Teacher. Stone, Nell, Teacher. Paris, Missouri Snelling, Zorado, Teacher. Sweet, Arthur T., Agt. Pub. Co. 513 Whitney Bldg., Kansas City, Missouri Seaton, S. E., Teacher. Norborne, Missouri Class of 1897. Boyd, W. S., Soldier U. S. Army. Bohne, John C., Teacher. St. Louis Co., Missouri Burns, P. E., Principal of Schools. Browning, Missouri Blue, C. C., Teacher. Monroe County, Missouri Bohon, E. C., Student University of Missouri. Evans, Aida. Kirksville, Missouri Fair, Fred, Principal School. Spickards, Missouri Funk, E. E., Principal Ward School. Kirksyille, Missouri Foncannon, Mayme, Student of Osteopathy. Kirksville, Missouri Green, Harry, Teacher in High School. Clinton, Missouri Gallatin, J. L., Teacher. Triplet, Missouri Harlan, Myrtle, Teacher. Frankford, Missouri Harlan, Ada, Teacher. Kirksville, Missouri Heiny, Frank, Doctor. Parkersburg, West Virginia Hoefner, Frank, Student Osteopathy. Kirksville, Missouri Holderman, Virginia, Teacher. Wakenda, Missouri Holmes, Essie, Teacher. Kirksville, Missouri Lake, Eugene, Teacher. Missouri Murphy, C. W., Teacher. Keokuk, Iowa McMurry, Milton, Teacher. Neese, H., Teacher. Petree, Martha, Teacher. Fillmore, Missouri Parish, Victor, Teacher. Kirksville, Missouri Petree, O. A., Carrier. Kirksville, Missouri *Petree, McDonald, High School. Kirksville, Missouri Potter, F. H., Teacher. Weston, Missouri Phillips, Nora, Teacher. Kirksville, Missouri Pendergraft, G. W., Teacher. Ragsdale, Saida. Paris, Missouri Reynolds; Carrie. Kirksville, Missouri Smith, A. H., Supt. Schools. Lancaster, Missouri Townsend, Lilah, Teacher. Terpenning, E. S., Teacher. Vaughn, A. P., Principal School. Marceline, Missouri Woodson, W. I., Principal Troy Schools. Troy, Missouri *Deceased (Page 44) 44 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. Class of 1898. Brown, Amy, Teacher. Easton, Missouri Brother, Claude, Supt. Public Schools. Kirksville, Missouri Dockery, Ardella, Student Vassar College. Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Davis, Sallie. Kirksville, Missouri Evans, Mae, Teacher. Kirksville, Missouri Foster, A. D., Student University. Columbia, Missouri Faulkner, A. S., Principal. Laddonia, Missouri Holdsworth, Kate. Paris, Missouri Lyon, Hattie, Teacher. Kirksville, Missouri Linville, R. N., Principal. Fairfax, Missouri Luther, J. D., Teacher. Oakville, Missouri Lind, O. H., Principal High School. Kirksville, Missouri Miller, Birdie, Teacher. Kirksville, Missouri McBeth, Julia, Teacher. Clinton, Missouri Northcutt, Lilly, Teacher. LaPlata, Missouri Pile, Anna, Teacher. Macon City, Missouri Pratt, Albert, Teacher. Jamesport, Missouri Ringo, Ethel. Kirksville, Missouri Sullivan, Mary. Mexico, Missouri Shirley, W. E., Teacher. Atlanta, Kansas Seitz, Ray, Teacher. Lancaster, Missouri Thornburg, W. B., Principal. Unionville, Missouri Class of 1899. Ashlock, Cordelia. Kirksville, Missouri Bowen, Pansy. Kirksville, Missouri Bragg, Delos Austin, Teacher. Kirksville, Missouri Buchanan, Cora C. Kirksville, Missouri Baker, Gwyn H. Kirksville, Missouri Crockett, Ellen J., Teacher. Hamilton, Missouri Christine, Lottie, Teacher. Ferguson, Missouri Corken, Lida, Teacher. Burlington Junction, Missouri Carnahan, Ada. DeTienne, John A., Teacher. Kirksville, Missouri Eames, Jean, Teacher. Wellsville, Missouri Finegan, Ida May. Kirksville, Missouri Gibbons, Mabel. Kirksville, Missouri Goodwin, J. A., Teacher. Sloan, Missouri Ingold, Oscar. Ivie, Wm. Horace, Principal Schools. Triplett, Missouri Lorenz, Mayme. Kirksville, Missouri Link, Bess Hannah. Kirksville, Missouri McDowell, Zoa Lee, Teacher. Kirksville, Missouri Pauly, G. W., Student Osteopathy. Kirksville, Missouri Pauly, Mrs. Lena. Kirksville, Missouri (Page 45) STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, FIRST DISTRICT. 45 Porter, Julia Louise. Kirksville, Missouri Ray, Jessie, Teacher. Kahoka, Missouri Surbeck, Frank K., Student Missouri University. Columbia, Missouri Smith, E. Claude, Teacher. Parkvilla, Missouri Stigall, John B. Cairo, Missouri Thomas, Nanie, Teacher. Lathrop, Missouri Taylor, Britt Payne, Principal of Schools. Ellsberry, Missouri Turner, Jas. Hornbuckle, Principal Schools. Weston, Missouri (Page 46) ALUMNI DIRECTORY. So far as the addresses of our alumni are known or could be readily obtained, they are given. There are still many omissions, and our friends will confer a favor by furnishing any information by means of which our directory may be made more complete in a future catalogue. In almost all cases the home address has been given. UNDERGRADUATES FOR 1899--ELEMENTARY CLASS. Alexander, W. Porter Anderson, Janie Baker, Amber Bohon, Albert Ross Calvert, Sidney E Cauthorn, Benj. F Dodson, Chas. L Ely, Pearl. Ellis, Lycurgus Fox, Thomas W Foster, Guyle P Hendrix, Frank Conn Henrix, Davella Heyd, Frank Jessee, Elmer Victor Linsay, Bessie LaFranz, Wm. Henry Morelock, Jo Morgan, Fred Buckner Motter, Clyde C Marksbury, Thomas McKissick, Minnie McKissick, Anna Mitchell, T. Mortimer Morlan, Silas Everett Mairs, John Roy Northcutt, Jennie Roy Noblett, Pearl Pryor, Fannie Ann Price, Minnie Lulu Rombauer, Emma E Rudasill, Lucy Robinson, Frances Surbeck, Villa Siler, Walter Orlando Sears, Nelson Smith, Harvey Seitz, Wm. Kerlin Sutton, David W Tracy, Chas Tyler, James Wm. Updyke, Olva Wolf, John Fred. (Page 47) (Page 48) (Page 49) (Back Cover)